Evolution of Antimonopoly Policy in Russia: Problems and Prospects

2005 ◽  
pp. 117-131
Author(s):  
N. Rozanova
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Organization ◽  
Competition Policy ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Reasonable Approach ◽  
Policy Transformation ◽  
Positive Nature

The evolution of antimonopoly policy in Russia is analyzed. The positive nature of policy transformation is stressed: it has been evolving from purely prohibitive measures towards monopolies in the 1990s to a more reasonable approach in terms of recommendations and ex ante regulations. Russian antimonopoly policy is being transformed to competition policy with broader view on inter-firms interactions and industrial organization.

Understanding competition in digital markets: new perspectives on old practices

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-145
Author(s):  
Andrew Mell ◽  
Gareth Shier
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Industrial Organization ◽  
Competition Policy ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Policy Tools ◽  
Digital Ecosystems ◽  
Online Platforms ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
The World ◽  
Ex Ante

Around the world, competition agencies and academics alike have raised concerns that the existing suite of policy tools and economic theory fail to capture all of the harms that can arise in digital markets. At the same time, other academics and practitioners consider that competition policy and industrial organization is unable to account for many of the benefits that online platforms and digital ecosystems can bring. As a range of new interventions – ranging from strengthened ex-post enforcement tools to new ex-ante regulations – are being proposed, we ask which view is right? Are the business practices observed in digital markets and targeted by these reforms so obviously harmful that they are deserving of a return to form-based prohibitions in place of effects-based analysis? Or does this represent an unhelpful regression, based on a misunderstanding of how these new types of markets function?

R&D Competition, Cooperation, and Microeconomic Policies

2016 ◽  
pp. 195-218
Author(s):  
Rafael Moner-Colonques ◽  
Jose J. Sempere-Monerris
Keyword(s):  
Joint Ventures ◽  
Competition Policy ◽  
Research Networks ◽  
External Effects ◽  
Competitive Edge ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Industry Performance ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Research Joint Ventures ◽  
Good Nature

This chapter aims to contribute to the better understanding of R&D by scholars and practitioners. It includes a first section where the concept of innovation is defined and its public good nature and cumulative dimension are analysed. Next, the incentives that firms have to undertake R&D to attain a competitive edge upon rivals are considered. This entails the consideration of both ex ante and ex post incentives to undertake R&D. Since innovation is costly and derives important external effects, cooperation in R&D activities is prominent in several industries where firms enter into research joint ventures, or form research networks. The effect of cooperation is that, under some circumstances, the industry performance is better as compared to full competition. The final section addresses the complementarities and conflicts among the different microeconomic policies (trade, industrial and competition policy) faced by governments when considering the support of R&D activities.

scholarly journals The role of merger control rules in the enforcement of optimal competition policy

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 321-337
Author(s):  
Ivana Rakic
Keyword(s):  
Competition Policy ◽  
Merger Control ◽  
Institutional Framework ◽  
Competition Authority ◽  
Market Structures ◽  
Effective Competition ◽  
Control Rules ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Mandatory Notification

The purpose of ex ante merger control is to secure and preserve the competitive market structures by controlling concentrations which might significantly impede effective competition. All concentrations exceeding a certain turnover threshold are subject to mandatory notification under national merger control rules and such transactions shall not be implemented prior to clearance decision. In assessing a concentration, the relevant competition authority must consider the likely effects of the concentration on competition, and if the concentration is expected to be anti-competitive, it must be prohibited. The aim of this article is to explain the difficulties to properly determine the institutional framework in which the competition authority approves or prohibits concentrations. Therefore, the author analyses some of the main principles on which merger control should be based and points out that merger control rules play very important role in achieving effective enforcement of optimal competition policy.

The Online Transportation Network in Indonesia: A Pendulum between the Sharing Economy and Ex Ante Regulation

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 260-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sih Yuliana Wahyuningtyas
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Competition Policy ◽  
Transportation Networks ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
Competition Law ◽  
Sharing Economy ◽  
Market Definition ◽  
Transportation Industry ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Ex Ante

The prominent role of innovation in the emerging digital market in Indonesia presents new challenges for current competition law and policy. Traditionally reliant on market definition for the analysis, the present competition law may not yet have sufficiently taken innovation into consideration. In the competition policy area, while innovation has not taken a clear role in tailoring suitable regulations or approaches, markets have attempted to adapt themselves to the new changes in order to meet rising demand. The present state of policy is illustrated by the development oj online transportation networks like those provided by Uber and GrabCar, services similar to those that have been traditionally offered by taxi companies. While regulation asymmetry has been accused of not allowing a level playing field for conventional taxis versus online transportation networks, the concept of the sharing economy seems to address today's policy approach in Indonesia, which favors ex ante regulation on public transportation service provision in the country. This paper examines the applicable regulations in the transportation network industry and discusses how competition policy might cope with this issue and in what cases competition law might deal with innovation brought by online transportation network in the public transportation industry in Indonesia.

scholarly journals Net Neutrality Regulation: Much Ado about Nothing?

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingo Vogelsang
Keyword(s):  
Competition Policy ◽  
Net Neutrality ◽  
Specific Content ◽  
Much Ado About Nothing ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Price Rule ◽  
Economic Analyses ◽  
The Cost

Abstract The economics literature on Net Neutrality (NN) has been largely critical of NN regulation on the basis of theoretical findings that NN violations can be both welfare improving and welfare deteriorating, depending on the circumstances of the case in question. Thus, an ex post competition policy approach would be preferable to a strict ex ante prohibition of NN violations. In contrast, the current paper argues that NN regulation is largely ineffective, in particular, when it comes to the prohibition of fast lanes and other quality of service (QoS) differentiations, and to a lesser extent, when it comes to the zero price rule. NN regulation is only effective in preventing the blocking of specific content and in preventing the favoring of ISP owned content and in preventing some price discriminations. These are also areas where NN regulations are more likely to be welfare-enhancing. Where they are ineffective, NN regulations are likely to create inefficiencies through the cost and allocative inefficiencies caused by NN bypass. The paper ends with a call for theoretical and empirical economic analyses of NN circumvention techniques.

scholarly journals Correcting inequality of personal incomes before income taxes and transfers: theoretical underpinnings and competition policy options

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-84
Author(s):  
Prof. Dr. Friedrich L. Sell
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Competition Policy ◽  
Design Research ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Market Imperfections ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Us Economy ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
Personal Incomes

Aim: The purpose of this paper is to bring together theory and policy of (personal) income distribution on the one hand and competition policy on the other hand. Design / research: The methods used in this paper cover a brief model set-up, followed by a numerical model-calibration. Thereafter, we present a model simulation and proceed to a Gini decomposition. Herewith, we are able to demonstrate how market imperfections translate into a higher concentration of personal incomes. Conclusions / findings: Our major finding is that only a rigorous competition policy is qualified to not only correct for market imperfections, but also to fight a greater inequality of personal incomes ex-ante. Originality / value of the article: This contribution provides – to our knowledge for the first time – a simultaneous explanation for stagnating, if not falling real wages and a deteriorating development of inequality of personal incomes, as measured by the Gini coefficient ex-ante. The US economy is a case study for this double observation, but many more developed economies may follow in the foreseeable future. Limitations of the research: The implication of the research is that long before government intervenes income distribution via taxes and transfers, competition policy should correct for market imperfections and thereby reduce the inequality of personal incomes. Unfortunately, to this point, we observe a lack of meaningful macroeconomic indicators for market imperfections and hence the possibility to conduct broad econometric studies in this area of investigation.

Ex ante or ex post competition policy? A progress report

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 356-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Ottaviani ◽  
Abraham L. Wickelgren
Keyword(s):  
Competition Policy ◽  
Progress Report ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Ante
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