scholarly journals Reducing chloride corrosion of stainless steel in the nuclear fuel manufacturing industry : an electrochemical-environmental perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Spence
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Nuclear Fuel ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Acid Strength ◽  
Chloride Corrosion

Chloride extraction from nitric acid is an important technique for reducing corrosion of stainless steel. However, there has been a limited amount of research conducted in this area. Pumping ozone-enriched air through nitric acid is a corrosion reduction method that is widely used in the nuclear fuel manufacturing industry, including the Blind River Refinery (BRR), to purge chlorine gas out of the acid. However, this method has been shown to produce significant environmental impacts. Overall, it is an inconsistent and cost-deficient method for reducing chloride corrosion of stainless steel in nitric acid mediums below 7.2M (37.0% volume). This thesis builds on existing literature and demonstrates that oxidizing chloride ions in nitric acid using oxygen, nitric oxide and nitrous oxide is an efficient and cost-effective chloride extraction method for the case study (BRR). It was shown that the level of chloride extraction from nitric acid increased significantly when the acid strength was elevated above 8.4M (42.0%volume) and sparged with various oxidants. The most effective oxidants at this nitric acid strength were: oxygen, ozone, nitric oxide and nitrous oxide. Nitric oxide and nitrous oxide can be produced by sparging 43.0% nitric acid with air or sparging 43.0% nitric acid with NOx fumes. In terms of the BRR case study, it was shown that using operational-specific combinations of these methods can drastically reduce the environmental impacts associated with their chloride removal process; significantly increase the level of chloride extraction; reduce energy consumption and operating costs by as much as 54.0%; and reduce material requirements by as much as 80.0%.

scholarly journals Reducing chloride corrosion of stainless steel in the nuclear fuel manufacturing industry : an electrochemical-environmental perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Spence
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Nuclear Fuel ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Acid Strength ◽  
Chloride Corrosion

Chloride extraction from nitric acid is an important technique for reducing corrosion of stainless steel. However, there has been a limited amount of research conducted in this area. Pumping ozone-enriched air through nitric acid is a corrosion reduction method that is widely used in the nuclear fuel manufacturing industry, including the Blind River Refinery (BRR), to purge chlorine gas out of the acid. However, this method has been shown to produce significant environmental impacts. Overall, it is an inconsistent and cost-deficient method for reducing chloride corrosion of stainless steel in nitric acid mediums below 7.2M (37.0% volume). This thesis builds on existing literature and demonstrates that oxidizing chloride ions in nitric acid using oxygen, nitric oxide and nitrous oxide is an efficient and cost-effective chloride extraction method for the case study (BRR). It was shown that the level of chloride extraction from nitric acid increased significantly when the acid strength was elevated above 8.4M (42.0%volume) and sparged with various oxidants. The most effective oxidants at this nitric acid strength were: oxygen, ozone, nitric oxide and nitrous oxide. Nitric oxide and nitrous oxide can be produced by sparging 43.0% nitric acid with air or sparging 43.0% nitric acid with NOx fumes. In terms of the BRR case study, it was shown that using operational-specific combinations of these methods can drastically reduce the environmental impacts associated with their chloride removal process; significantly increase the level of chloride extraction; reduce energy consumption and operating costs by as much as 54.0%; and reduce material requirements by as much as 80.0%.

The Effect of NO, HNO2 and HNO3 On Corrosion of Stainless Steel by H2SO4★

CORROSION ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
W. P. McKINNELL ◽  
L. F. LOCKWOOD ◽  
R. SPEISER ◽  
F. H. BECK ◽  
M. G. FONTANA
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Nitrous Acid ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Active Type ◽  
Nitrate Ions ◽  
Nitric Acid Solutions ◽  
Spot Tests

Abstract Earlier work by other investigators has shown that nitrous acid is involved in the passivation of iron in concentrated nitric acid solutions. This paper describes the effect of nitric oxide, HNO2 and HNO3 on the corrosion of active Type 302 stainless steel by 10 percent H2SO4. Specimens of Type 302 stainless steel, activated by abrading on 240 grit emery cloth and exposed to 10 percent H2SO4 solutions, were passivated by bubbling nitric oxide through the solution. Bubbling oxygen through the solution did not passivate these abraded specimens. Abraded specimens exposed to an atmosphere of nitric oxide before immersion in nitric oxide-free H2SO4 remained active. Spot tests of 10 percent H2SO4 treated with nitric oxide revealed the presence of nitrite and nitrate ions in the solution. The addition of one part of 10 percent HNO3 to 60 parts of 10 percent H2SO4 was found to produce passivity of abraded stainless steel specimens exposed to the solution. 4.3.2

Annual emissions of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide from rice-wheat rotation and vegetable fields: a case study in the Tai-Lake region, China

2012 ◽  
Vol 360 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 37-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Deng ◽  
Zaixing Zhou ◽  
Xunhua Zheng ◽  
Chunyan Liu ◽  
Zhisheng Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Lake Region ◽  
Tai Lake

Emissions of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide associated with the decomposition of arable crop residues on a sandy loam soil in Eastern England

Agronomie ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 731-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Harrison ◽  
Sharon Ellis ◽  
Roy Cross ◽  
James Harrison Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Arable Crop ◽  
Loam Soil

Pyrolysis of brown algae (Bifurcaria Bifurcata) in a stainless steel tubular reactor: From a review to a case study

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Y. Guida ◽  
F. E. Laghchioua ◽  
A. Hannioui
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Brown Algae ◽  
Tubular Reactor ◽  
Nitrogen Flow ◽  
Nitrogen Flow Rate ◽  
Bifurcaria Bifurcata ◽  
Bio Oil

This article deals with fast pyrolysis of brown algae, such as Bifurcaria Bifurcata at the range of temperature 300–800 °C in a stainless steel tubular reactor. After a literature review on algae and its importance in renewable sector, a case study was done on pyrolysis of brown algae especially, Bifurcaria Bifurcata. The aim was to experimentally investigate how the temperature, the particle size, the nitrogen flow rate (N2) and the heating rate affect bio-oil, bio-char and gaseous products. These parameters were varied in the ranges of 5–50 °C/min, below 0.2–1 mm and 20–200 mL. min–1, respectively. The maximum bio-oil yield of 41.3wt% was obtained at a pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C, particle size between 0.2–0.5 mm, nitrogen flow rate (N2) of 100 mL. min–1 and heating rate of 5 °C/min. Liquid product obtained under the most suitable and optimal condition was characterized by elemental analysis, 1H-NMR, FT-IR and GC-MS. The analysis of bio-oil showed that bio-oil from Bifurcaria Bifurcata could be a potential source of renewable fuel production and value added chemicals.

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