An Assessment of Municipal Capacity for Human-Wildlife Conflict Management in Selected Urban Areas of Southern Ontario

Urban Areas ◽

Management Practices ◽

Urban Environments ◽

Media Analysis ◽

Southern Ontario ◽

Wildlife Conflict ◽

Human Conflict ◽

Recently many Canadian municipalities have begun to experiment with urban naturalization programs. Consequently, many urban environments are now inhabited by a much larger wildlife population than they were several decades ago. The more species present in the city, the greater the potential for human-wildlife interaction and/or conflict. Current municipal capacity for human-wildlife conflict management is generally insufficient to deal with growing problems. New solutions for human-wildlife conflict are needed. Using selected municipalities in southern Ontario as an example, this thesis research explores the development and application of principles for wildlife-human conflict management in urban areas. A literature review, media analysis and interviews with key municipal stakeholders were used to identify best management practices. Recommendations for the development of integrated nuisance management (INM) systems are proposed based on study findings.

Using movement ecology to evaluate the effectiveness of multiple human-wildlife conflict management practices

Biological Conservation ◽

10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109306 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 262 ◽

pp. 109306

Author(s):

Sasha Pekarsky ◽

Ingo Schiffner ◽

Yuri Markin ◽

Ran Nathan

Keyword(s):

Conflict Management ◽

Management Practices ◽

Movement Ecology ◽

Wildlife Conflict ◽

Coyotes living near cities are bolder: implications for dog evolution and human-wildlife conflict

Behaviour ◽

10.1163/1568539x-bja10002 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 157 (3-4) ◽

pp. 289-313 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

James Brooks ◽

Roland Kays ◽

Brian Hare

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Urban Environments ◽

Camera Traps ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Wildlife Conflict ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Animal Populations ◽

Physical Traits ◽

Dog Domestication ◽

Abstract How animal populations adapt to human modified landscapes is central to understanding modern behavioural evolution and improving wildlife management. Coyotes (Canis latrans) have adapted to human activities and thrive in both rural and urban areas. Bolder coyotes showing reduced fear of humans and their artefacts may have an advantage in urban environments. We analysed the reactions of 636 coyotes to novel human artefacts (camera traps) at 575 sites across the state of North Carolina. Likelihood of a coyote approaching the camera increased with human housing density suggesting that urban coyotes are experiencing selection for boldness and becoming more attracted to human artefacts. This has implications for both human-wildlife conflict and theories of dog domestication. We also note physical traits in coyotes that could be the result of domestication-related selection pressures, or dog hybridization.

Human–wildlife interactions in urban areas: a review of conflicts, benefits and opportunities

Wildlife Research ◽

10.1071/wr14229 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 42 (7) ◽

pp. 541 ◽

Cited By ~ 129

Author(s):

Carl D. Soulsbury ◽

Piran C. L. White

Keyword(s):

Disease Transmission ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Urban Environments ◽

Research Attention ◽

Health And Wellbeing ◽

The Core ◽

Wildlife Conflict ◽

Physical Attack ◽

Wildlife Populations ◽

Wildlife has existed in urban areas since records began. However, the discipline of urban ecology is relatively new and one that is undergoing rapid growth. All wildlife in urban areas will interact with humans to some degree. With rates of urbanisation increasing globally, there is a pressing need to understand the type and nature of human–wildlife interactions within urban environments, to help manage, mitigate or even promote these interactions. Much research attention has focussed on the core topic of human–wildlife conflict. This inherent bias in the literature is probably driven by the ease with which it can be quantified and assessed. Human–wildlife conflicts in terms of disease transmission, physical attack and property damage are important topics to understand. Equally, the benefits of human–wildlife interactions are becoming increasingly recognised, despite being harder to quantify and generalise. Wildlife may contribute to the provision of ecosystem services in urban areas, and some recent work has shown how interactions with wildlife can provide a range of benefits to health and wellbeing. More research is needed to improve understanding in this area, requiring wildlife biologists to work with other disciplines including economics, public health, sociology, ethics, psychology and planning. There will always be a need to control wildlife populations in certain urban situations to reduce human–wildlife conflict. However, in an increasingly urbanised and resource-constrained world, we need to learn how to manage the risks from wildlife in new ways, and to understand how to maximise the diverse benefits that living with wildlife can bring.

Assessing the Potential of Nontraditional Water Sources for Landscape Irrigation

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech04023-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 436-444 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Raul I. Cabrera ◽

James E. Altland ◽

Genhua Niu

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Management Practices ◽

Urban Landscape ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Water Sources ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Natural Ecosystems ◽

Aesthetic Quality ◽

The Impact

Scarcity and competition for good quality and potable water resources are limiting their use for urban landscape irrigation, with several nontraditional sources being potentially available for these activities. Some of these alternative sources include rainwater, stormwater, brackish aquifer water, municipal reclaimed water (MRW), air-conditioning (A/C) condensates, and residential graywater. Knowledge on their inherent chemical profile and properties, and associated regional and temporal variability, is needed to assess their irrigation quality and potential short- and long-term effects on landscape plants and soils and to implement best management practices that successfully deal with their quality issues. The primary challenges with the use of these sources are largely associated with high concentrations of total salts and undesirable specific ions [sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), boron (B), and bicarbonate (HCO3−) alkalinity]. Although the impact of these alternative water sources has been largely devoted to human health, plant growth and aesthetic quality, and soil physicochemical properties, there is emergent interest in evaluating their effects on soil biological properties and in natural ecosystems neighboring the urban areas where they are applied.

Real time controlled sustainable urban drainage systems in dense urban areas

Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology—AQUA ◽

10.2166/aqua.2019.083 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 69 (3) ◽

pp. 238-247 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nils Kändler ◽

Ivar Annus ◽

Anatoli Vassiljev ◽

Raido Puust

Keyword(s):

Urban Development ◽

Real Time ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Management Practices ◽

Low Impact Development ◽

Economic Feasibility ◽

Control Measures ◽

Real Time Control ◽

Urban Catchments

Abstract Stormwater runoff from urban catchments is affected by the changing climate and rapid urban development. Intensity of rainstorms is expected to increase in Northern Europe, and sealing off surfaces reduces natural stormwater management. Both trends increase stormwater peak runoff volume that urban stormwater systems (UDS) have to tackle. Pipeline systems have typically limited capacity, therefore measures must be foreseen to reduce runoff from new developed areas to existing UDS in order to avoid surcharge. There are several solutions available to tackle this challenge, e.g. low impact development (LID), best management practices (BMP) or stormwater real time control measures (RTC). In our study, a new concept of a smart in-line storage system is developed and evaluated on the background of traditional in-line and off-line detention solutions. The system is operated by real time controlled actuators with an ability to predict rainfall dynamics. This solution does not need an advanced and expensive centralised control system; it is easy to implement and install. The concept has been successfully tested in a 12.5 ha urban development area in Tallinn, the Estonian capital. Our analysis results show a significant potential and economic feasibility in the reduction of peak flow from dense urban areas with limited free construction space.

Filtration Treatment of Pollutants in Urban Runoff Using Expanded Polypropylene Media

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.573 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 544-545 ◽

pp. 573-576

Author(s):

Sung Won Kang ◽

Byung Cheol Lee ◽

Young Im Kim ◽

Sang Leen Yun ◽

Yong Jin Park ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Removal Efficiency ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Management Practices ◽

Removal Rate ◽

Stormwater Runoff ◽

Expansion Ratio ◽

Pollutant Removal ◽

Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Filter Media

Pollutants such as heavy metals and PAHs (Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons) in stormwater runoff are a major problem in urban areas because these pollutants are discharged directly, in most cases without any treatment, into the receiving environments like river and lake. Since many of the pollutants are associated with suspended particulate materials in stormwater, SS (suspended solids) is of acknowledged importance in stormwater runoff treatment by BMPs (best management practices). Filtration, which is commonly used for removing particulate matter in stormwater structural BMPs, depends on various factors (e.g., filter media size, flow rate, bed depth, filter surface properties, etc). Especially, the characteristics of filter media are important factor affecting removal efficiency of pollutants and replacement period of filter media in filtration performance. In this study, EPM (expanded polypropylene media) as a filter media was manufactured at different expansion ratios (i.e., 5, 10, 15 times) and tested in the up-flow filtration for removing pollutants in urban stormwater runoff. The specific surface area of EPM10, EPM15, EPM30, EPM54 was 0.760 m2/g, 0.799 m2/g, 0.812 m2/g, 0.845 m2/g, respectively. The SS removal efficiency (64.1%) by EPM media was higher than that (44.2%) by sand media. In case of EPM10 media, it took 175min of removal rate of filtration system to be approached under 50% and EPM15 media was spent 110min. However, the SS removal efficiency of EPM15 was over 10% higher than that of EPM10. The CODCr removal efficiency of EPM media was also increased with increasing expansion rate. The experimental results in this work show that pollutant removal efficiency by EPM media was increased with increasing expansion ratio but replacement period of media was decreased. EPM media are expected to adsorb non-biological organics like PAHs owing to its hydrophobicity.

Assessing the performance of urban BMPs in Scotland

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1999.0538 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 39 (12) ◽

pp. 123-131 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

C. Jefferies ◽

A. Aitken ◽

N. McLean ◽

K. Macdonald ◽

G. McKissock

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Management Practices ◽

Field Studies ◽

Source Control ◽

Urban Drainage ◽

Best Management ◽

Different Depths ◽

And Performance

Best Management Practices (BMPs) in urban drainage have been promoted in Scotland for a number of years in response to the need to combat pollution arising from diffuse sources in urban areas. This has led to the construction of around one hundred BMP installations using both source and end of pipe control. These are principally in the East of Scotland, and the number is growing rapidly as education and knowledge increases. A programme of investigations into the factors which influence the performance of the systems commenced in 1997. A range of types of BMP are under study including both source control and end of pipe systems. The sites have been divided into groups for which different depths of investigation are being undertaken. The programme involves a number of parallel investigations requiring field studies, data reviews and enquiries to confirm applicability and performance in situ. Many of the factors which influence the selection, installation and operation of a particular system are social, legal and administrative in addition to those which relate to its design and construction. The different strands of the study have been developed to ensure that all influences are identified and evaluated.

Using Incentives as Mitigation Measure for Human Wildlife Conflict Management in Namibia

International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP) ◽

10.29322/ijsrp.8.11.2018.p8374 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

Author(s):

Sem M. Shilongo ◽

Morrie Sam ◽

Amos Simuela

Keyword(s):

Conflict Management ◽

Mitigation Measure ◽

Wildlife Conflict ◽

Diffuse pollution abatement – a key component in the integrated effort towards sustainable urban basins

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2007.430 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 56 (1) ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

V. Novotny ◽

K. Hill

Keyword(s):

Water Conservation ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Management Practices ◽

Hydrological Cycle ◽

Pollution Abatement ◽

Urban Pollution ◽

Diffuse Pollution ◽

Urban Systems ◽

Best Management

Water bodies are highly stressed by overdrafts of water for many purposes upstream and in the cities, and effluent domination and excessive point and diffuse pollution downstream. Pollution is also caused by the urban landscape which prefers impervious rather than porous surfaces; fast-conveyance infrastructure rather than “softer” approaches like ponds and vegetation; and stream channelization instead of natural stream courses, buffers and floodplains, and development in the floodplains. In future, the comprehensive and complex problems of urban pollution must be solved within the framework of the total hydrological cycle concept. This provides a new impetus to diffuse pollution management in urban areas. The best management practices that have been developed in the past could become key components of the new urban total hydrological cycle paradigm for solving the water shortage and pollution problems in an integrated manner, and making the urban systems hydrologically and ecologically sustainable. The paradigm will include landscape changes (less imperviousness, more green space used as buffers and groundwater recharge) as well application of the best management practices that provide water conservation, storage and reuse.