scholarly journals Misunderstanding mismatch

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Singer ◽  
camille parmesan
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Winter Moth ◽  
Plant Insect Interactions ◽  
Phenological Mismatch ◽  
Phenological Synchrony ◽  
Insect Interactions ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Phenological Event ◽  
Future Work

This is a reponse to Kharouba and Wolkovich's (2020) review of consumer-resource phenological synchrony. They provide a valuable review and cogent advocacy for future work. However, they misunderstand and misinterpret examples from plant-insect interactions. Their detailed case study involves phenological synchrony/ asynchrony between spring hatching of Winter Moth eggs and budburst of their oak hosts. Published studies of this and other insect/plant systems are misinterpreted by applying a definition of phenological synchrony as "the situation in which the most energetically demanding period of the consumer's life cycle overlaps with the period of resource availability." This definition works well for ornithologists, since parent birds require high caterpillar abundance when their chicks are most demanding. But for Winter Moth the crucial phenological event occurs when larvae are just hatched and least demanding of energy, not most demanding (see below). The important role of phenological synchrony in most insect-plant systems is to fit the life cycle into the available time, not to synchronize peak resource demand with peak availability. The same is true of the Bay Checkerspot butterfly, for which baseline data are available from 1968-71 and 1983-5, showing that a fecundity-mortality tradeoff generated a persistent, adaptive, phenological asynchrony between the insect and its hosts, killing 70-80% of larvae each year.Kharouba HM, Wolkovich EM. 2020. Disconnects between ecological theory and data in phenological mismatch research. Nat Clim Chang 10: 406-415

scholarly journals Abscisic acid is essential for rewiring of jasmonic acid-dependent defenses during herbivory

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene A Vos ◽  
Adriaan Verhage ◽  
Lewis G Watt ◽  
Ido Vlaardingerbroek ◽  
Robert C Schuurink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Plant Hormone ◽  
Pieris Rapae ◽  
Necrotrophic Pathogen ◽  
Plant Insect Interactions ◽  
Gcc Box ◽  
Insect Interactions ◽  
And Control

AbstractJasmonic acid (JA) is an important plant hormone in the regulation of defenses against chewing herbivores and necrotrophic pathogens. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the JA response pathway consists of two antagonistic branches that are regulated by MYC- and ERF-type transcription factors, respectively. The role of abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene (ET) in the molecular regulation of the MYC/ERF antagonism during plant-insect interactions is still unclear. Here, we show that production of ABA induced in response to leaf-chewing Pieris rapae caterpillars is required for both the activation of the MYC-branch and the suppression of the ERF-branch during herbivory. Exogenous application of ABA suppressed ectopic ERF-mediated PDF1.2 expression in 35S::ORA59 plants. Moreover, the GCC-box promoter motif, which is required for JA/ET-induced activation of the ERF-branch genes ORA59 and PDF1.2, was targeted by ABA. Application of gaseous ET counteracted activation of the MYC-branch and repression of the ERF-branch by P. rapae, but infection with the ET-inducing necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea did not. Accordingly, P. rapae performed equally well on B. cinerea-infected and control plants, whereas activation of the MYC-branch resulted in reduced caterpillar performance. Together, these data indicate that upon feeding by P. rapae, ABA is essential for activating the MYC-branch and suppressing the ERF-branch of the JA pathway, which maximizes defense against caterpillars.

Global change effects on plant–insect interactions: the role of phytochemistry

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 70-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary A Jamieson ◽  
Laura A Burkle ◽  
Jessamyn S Manson ◽  
Justin B Runyon ◽  
Amy M Trowbridge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Change ◽  
Plant Insect Interactions ◽  
Insect Interactions

scholarly journals The Role of the Professional Community in the Development of the Engineering Market in Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 246-263
Author(s):  
V. G. Zinov ◽  
O. A. Yeremchenko
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Professional Community ◽  
High Technology ◽  
National Register ◽  
Full Life Cycle ◽  
Technology Products ◽  
Full Life ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Regulatory Organization

The barriers to the development of the industrial engineering market as a tool to ensure the full life cycle of high technology products in Russia are considered. The problem is the most difficult to overcome barriers attributed to the vague definition of engineering services and the problem of trust between participants. Proposals were substantiated to clarify the content of engineering activities and intensify the professional community in the direction of creating a self-regulatory organization as a generator of communication and certification activities, as well as creating an updated national register of engineering companies.

scholarly journals The Multifunctional Roles of Polyphenols in Plant-Herbivore Interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1442
Author(s):  
Sukhman Singh ◽  
Ishveen Kaur ◽  
Rupesh Kariyat
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Plant Insect Interactions ◽  
Physical Defenses ◽  
Herbivore Interactions ◽  
Insect Interactions ◽  
Plant Herbivore

There is no argument to the fact that insect herbivores cause significant losses to plant productivity in both natural and agricultural ecosystems. To counter this continuous onslaught, plants have evolved a suite of direct and indirect, constitutive and induced, chemical and physical defenses, and secondary metabolites are a key group that facilitates these defenses. Polyphenols—widely distributed in flowering plants—are the major group of such biologically active secondary metabolites. Recent advances in analytical chemistry and metabolomics have provided an opportunity to dig deep into extraction and quantification of plant-based natural products with insecticidal/insect deterrent activity, a potential sustainable pest management strategy. However, we currently lack an updated review of their multifunctional roles in insect-plant interactions, especially focusing on their insect deterrent or antifeedant properties. This review focuses on the role of polyphenols in plant-insect interactions and plant defenses including their structure, induction, regulation, and their anti-feeding and toxicity effects. Details on mechanisms underlying these interactions and localization of these compounds are discussed in the context of insect-plant interactions, current findings, and potential avenues for future research in this area.

scholarly journals STRATEGIC PLANNING AND FORECASTING IN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-48
Author(s):  
R. V. Gavva ◽  
E. N. Lozhkomoeva
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Strategic Planning ◽  
Strategic Management ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
Modern Development ◽  
Definition Of

The article considers the essence and role of strategic planning in the activities of organizations of the tourism industry. The paper shows that the concept of the life cycle of tourist services can serve as a justification for strategic management decisions. The authors formulate the main approaches to the study of the life cycle of tourist services. The study determines the directions of using information at different stages of the life cycle of services in the field of tourism. The article proposes approaches to the operational definition of the type of service and the stage of its life cycle, which contributes to the adoption of sound strategic management decisions that ensure the effective, stable operation of tourist organizations. The paper determines that the modern development of the tourism market should be based on a combination of regional, Federal, national, and international tourism policies that combine strategic planning with the tasks and needs of the short-term perspective.

scholarly journals Little peaks with big effects: establishing the role of minor plant volatiles in plant-insect interactions

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 1836-1844 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREA CLAVIJO MCCORMICK ◽  
JONATHAN GERSHENZON ◽  
SYBILLE B. UNSICKER
Keyword(s):  
Plant Volatiles ◽  
Plant Insect Interactions ◽  
Insect Interactions
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