scholarly journals Effect of transgenic soybean on functional groups of microorganisms in the rhizosphere in soil microcosm

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Ivana Santinoni ◽  
Igor Santos ◽  
Erika Niekawa ◽  
Mickely Dealis ◽  
Gabriel Liuti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Soil Organisms ◽  
Transgenic Soybean ◽  
Gm Plants ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi

Neglected Glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops are common in agro-ecosystems mainly due to its benefits of weed management. However, the effect of GR crops on soil ecosystem and on non-target soil organisms need to be monitored. The effect of two transgenic soybeans GR on soil microorganisms, soil enzymes, microbial biomass and plant growth were evaluated. The experimental design was conducted as factorial arrangement with two GR soybean varieties, the Londrina (RR 59) and its near isogenic non-GM 59 Londrina called VAR 1; the second was Valiosa soybean (RR Conquista) and its near isogenic non-GM Conquista - Uberaba soybean called VAR 2. The plants were inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and rhizobia. The results showed that significant differences were observed among GM plants and their parental non-GM only for N biomass, AM colonization and cellulase activity. The presence of AM fungi had great influence on the functional groups of microorganisms while some enzymes activity decreased.

Environmental DNA for functional diversity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Taberlet ◽  
Aurélie Bonin ◽  
Lucie Zinger ◽  
Eric Coissac
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Functional Diversity ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Soil Organisms ◽  
Meaningful Information ◽  
Dna Metabarcoding ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Target Community

Chapter 10 “Environmental DNA for functional diversity” discusses the potential of environmental DNA to assess functional diversity. It first focuses on DNA metabarcoding and discusses the extent to which this approach can be used and/or optimized to retrieve meaningful information on the functions of the target community. This knowledge usually involves coarsely defined functional groups (e.g., woody, leguminous, graminoid plants; shredders or decomposer soil organisms; pathogenicity or decomposition role of certain microorganisms). Chapter 10 then introduces metagenomics and metatranscriptomics approaches, their advantages, but also the challenges and solutions to appropriately sampling, sequencing these complex DNA/RNA populations. Chapter 10 finally presents several strategies and software to analyze metagenomes/metatranscriptomes, and discusses their pros and cons.

Assessing responses of soil microorganisms to GM plants

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
George A. Kowalchuk ◽  
Maaike Bruinsma ◽  
Johannes A. van Veen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Gm Plants

scholarly journals Multi-component symbiosis of Legumes with beneficial soil microbes: genetic and evolutionary basis of application in sustainable crop production

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-94
Author(s):  
Oksana Y Shtark ◽  
Aleksey U Borisov ◽  
Vladimir A Zhukov ◽  
Timofey A Nemankin ◽  
Igor A Tikhonovich
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Agriculture ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Soil Microbes ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Genetic System ◽  
High Potential ◽  
Leguminous Plants ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms

Leguminous plants have a genetic system that provides interaction with different beneficial soil microorganisms (BSM). The system has been formed on the basis of the genetic mechanisms that had arisen during the co-evolution of plants with arbuscular-mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and appeared to provide pre-adaptations for further evolution of interaction with various BSM. A concept of the use of BSM in sustainable agriculture is proposed, which postulates an establishment of the multi-component beneficial plant-microbe communities based on varieties of legumes with high potential for interaction with the BSM. 

scholarly journals Response of soil microorganisms to radioactive oil waste: results from a leaching experiment

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 1753-1789 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Galitskaya ◽  
L. Biktasheva ◽  
A. Saveliev ◽  
S. Ratering ◽  
S. Schnell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Column Experiment ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism ◽  
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Polymorphism Analysis ◽  
Activity Concentrations

Abstract. Oil wastes produced in large amounts in the processes of oil extraction, refining, and transportation are of great environmental concern because of their mutagenicity, toxicity, high fire hazardousness, and other properties. About 40% of these wastes contain radionuclides; however, the effects of oil products and radionuclides on soil microorganisms are frequently studied separately. The toxicity and effects on various microbial parameters of raw waste (H) containing 575 g of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) kg−1 waste, 4.4 kBq kg−1 of 226Ra, 2.8 kBq kg−1 of 232Th, and 1.3 kBq kg−1 of $^{40}$K and its treated variant (R) (1.6 g kg−1 of TPH, 7.9 kBq kg−1 of 226Ra, 3.9 kBq kg−1 of 232Th, and 183 kBq kg−1 of 40K) were estimated in a leaching column experiment to separate the effects of hydrocarbons from those of radioactive elements. The disposal of H waste samples on the soil surface led to an increase of the TPH content in soil: it became 3.5, 2.8, and 2.2 times higher in the upper (0–20 cm), middle (20–40 cm), and lower (40–60 cm) layers respectively. Activity concentrations of 226Ra and 232Th increased in soil sampled from both H- and R-columns in comparison to their concentrations in control soil. The activity concentrations of these two elements in samples taken from the upper and middle layers were much higher for the R-column compared to the H-column, despite the fact that the amount of waste added to the columns was equalized with respect to the activity concentrations of radionuclides. The H waste containing both TPH and radionuclides affected the functioning of the soil microbial community, and the effect was more pronounced in the upper layer of the column. Metabolic quotient and cellulase activity were the most sensitive microbial parameters as their levels were changed 5–1.4 times in comparison to control ones. Changes of soil functional characteristics caused by the treated waste containing mainly radionuclides were not observed. PCR-SSCP (polymerase chain reaction – single strand conformation polymorphism) analysis followed by MDS (metric multidimensional scaling) and clustering analysis revealed that the shifts in microbial community structure were affected by both hydrocarbons and radioactivity.

RESOURCE STABILITY OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM WOOD IN SUPERCAPACITORS WITH ORGANIC ELECTROLYTE

1970 ◽  
Vol 61 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daria E. Vervikishko ◽  
Svetlana A. Kochanova ◽  
Alexander V. Dolzhenko ◽  
Irina A. Lipatova ◽  
Evgeny I. Shkolnikov
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Organic Electrolyte ◽  
Electrochemical Characteristics ◽  
High Resource ◽  
Electric Capacity ◽  
A Charge

One of advantages of supercapacitors in comparison with batteries is their potentially high resource. Resource stability, as well as a supercapacitor self-discharge, depends on many factors. The most important of them are impurities in electrolyte, carbon materials and functional groups on their surface. Authors have offered perspective carbon material – the activated carbon from wood received by thermochemical synthesis. The electric capacity around 160 F/g is reached in supercapacitors with aprotic organic electrolyte (1M tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate). Authors have conducted the research of properties of the developed activated carbons from wood aiming to check resource opportunities supercapacitors with aprotic organic electrolyte. Resource tests lasted more than 6.5 months. Today more than one million cycles of a charge – discharge are reached at charge current of 100 mA/cm2. It is established that functional groups have a great influence on a resource of supercapacitors. To achieve high levels of stability in the resource activation technology developed carbon is provided to minimize the number of functional groups. Heat treatment of carbons after activation in the environment of argon at the increased temperatures was in addition carried out. It is shown that electrochemical characteristics of the supercapacitor throughout resource tests are at the stable level. Thus, there are bases to believe that devices on the basis of this carbon will be able to work continuously during the large period of time that is especially important, for example, for the autonomous systems located in hard-to-reach spots.

scholarly journals Impact of soil microorganisms on weed biology and ecology

2005 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Boyetchko
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Mycorrhizal Dependency ◽  
Cultural Methods ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Inundative Biological Control

While weed populations have traditionally been controlled by chemical and cultural methods, inundative biological control with microbial agents offers an additional strategy for managing weeds. Foliar pathogens have long been sought after as potential biocontrol agents, but rhizosphere microorganisms and their influence on weed growth and development have been ignored until recently. Rhizosphere soil is replete with a variety of microorganisms such as rhizobacteria, pathogenic soil-borne fungi, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, all of which have a direct or indirect impact on weeds and their competitive ability. In some cases, specific microbes have a detrimental effect on the weeds and can be exploited as biological control agents. The ubiquitous mycorrhizal fungi are beneficial symbionts that can impart a competitive ad vantage to their plant hosts, particularly if mycorrhizal dependency is exhibited in weeds as opposed to crops. It may be possible to exploit various soil microbes by directly or indirectly reducing weed competition and tipping the competitive advantage in favor of the crop. However, information available on microbial/weed/crop relationships is limited and research efforts are required to explore the use of soil microorganisms as another weed management tool.

Influence of soil microorganisms on the trapping of nematodes by nematophagous fungi

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 1437-1439 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. Rosenzweig ◽  
D. Ackroyd
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Yeast Cell ◽  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Nematophagous Fungi ◽  
Yeast Cell Wall ◽  
Soil Organisms ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Arthrobotrys Conoides

The influence of 29 species of soil organisms (21 bacteria and 8 fungi) on nematode capture by 3 species of nematophagous fungi was investigated. Only the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was found to bind to lectin-containing traps of Arthrobotrys conoides and Monacrosporium rutgeriensis and prevent nematode capture. None of the organisms studied bound to the traps of Monacrosporium eudermatum. The trap lectin of Arthrobotrys conoides, being specific for glucose – mannose, apparently binds to the mannan component of the yeast cell wall. At this time, it is not clear why the yeast binds to traps of Monacrosporium rutgeriensis since the trap lectin is highly specific for 2-deoxyglucose, a saccharide that does not appear to occur in nature.

Study on Crystallinity of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nylon 6 Interface by In-Situ Anionic Polymerization

2013 ◽  
Vol 634-638 ◽  
pp. 2036-2039
Author(s):  
Hong Kai Zhao ◽  
Li Guang Xiao ◽  
Jing Wu Gao
Keyword(s):  
Composite Material ◽  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Carbon Fibers ◽  
Anionic Polymerization ◽  
In Situ Polymerization ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Interface Layer ◽  
High Polymer

High polymer active functional groups can be grafted on the surface of carbon fibers so as to adjust the interface effect between fibers in the composite material and resin and improve the performance of composite material, by controlling the structure of grafted high polymer, the interface layer with intended performance can be well designed. The surface of carbon fiber has great influence on the nylon generated through in situ polymerization and modified nylon crystallization, and little transcrystallization on the surface will be formed when the fiber carbon without grafting; after grating of carbon fiber, large quantity of crystalline texture can be seen near the fiber, and the crystal with high density is helpful for the improvement of material performance.

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