scholarly journals History of Clinical Research and Ethics

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamima Parvin Lasker
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Research ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Nuremberg Code ◽  
Useful Knowledge ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Common Understanding ◽  
Participation In Research

The aim of clinical research is to congregate useful knowledge about the human biology. Benefits to the participants are not the purpose of research, although it does secondarily. Therefore, exploitation of human subjects occurred in clinical research. Many people were harmed and basic human rights were violated as a result of their unwillingness participation in research. There have been many tragedies throughout the history of research involving human subjects. Every period of research scandals have been followed by attempt to initiate some ethical codes to protect the human from clinical research. First of such codes is the Nuremberg Code. Thereafter, Helsinky Declaration, Belmont Report and lastly Obama Commission on Guatemala syphilis study. To remember history is essential so that it's not repeated again. Knowledge of the history will provide a better understanding to handle the research fairly. Researchers and the healthcare providers have no awareness of the history of ethical requirements for clinical research. Therefore, repetition of scandal is being seen. In addition, there are few sporadic studies on this issue. Formulation of UNIVERSAL rules and regulations is required which will not be limited to a specific tragedy or scandal or the practice of researcher in one country. It will provide common understanding and unique values of the research all over the world, although their application will require adaptation to particular culture, health condition and economic setting. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v4i1.14265 Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2013; 4(1):20-29

scholarly journals Ethics in clinical research

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 16-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Fakruddin ◽  
Abhijit Chowdhury ◽  
Md Nur Hossain ◽  
Khanjada Shahnewaj Bin Mannan
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Research ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Ethical Review ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Nuremberg Code ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World

History of unethical clinical research practice date back to a very long time, though the most remarkable unethical clinical research was those by the Nazis during second world war, which eventually shaken the scientific community and gives birth to the first guideline of ethics in clinical research, the Nuremberg Code. Following Nuremberg code, a number of ethical guidelines has been formulated most important of which are the declaration of Helsinski. To make any research involving human subjects or samples ethically acceptable, a number of key features have to be considered by the scientists. These guidelines are internationally accepted and without following these guidelines, no clinical research is acceptable in the world. Though, there are many countries in the world like Bangladesh, which don’t have any ethical guidelines of their own and thus scientists in those countries do not adhere the any ethical guideline while conducting their research. Each country should have their own ethical guidelines and each clinical research institutes should have own ethical review committee to ensure ethical clinical research. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v3i3.12560 Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2012; 3(3):16-20

Beyond Human Subjects: Risk, Ethics, and Clinical Development of Nanomedicines

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 841-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Kimmelman
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Research ◽  
Research Ethics ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Clinical Development ◽  
Nuremberg Code ◽  
Human Research ◽  
Clinical Investigator ◽  
Nazi Doctors ◽  
Personal Interests

Like all policies, contemporary human research policies are the product of their history. The scandals and traumas motivating their creation — the Nazi doctors trials, Tuskegee, the Milgram experiment on obedience — however different in their particulars, all share a common narrative: a scientist, pursuing valued social ends, runs roughshod over the personal interests of disadvantaged human subjects. From the Nuremberg code through the latest revisions of the Declaration of Helsinki, research ethics policies have sought to erect a sphere of protection around the latter.As a consequence of this history, all major policies start with a well-rehearsed model of human investigations. Clinical research is viewed as an encounter between investigators and volunteers. The clinical investigator is given certain duties. The human volunteer has certain moral entitlements. What is ethically at stake in human investigations inheres in the nature and quality of the interactions between investigators and volunteers. These interactions involve an asymmetry because the investigator has privileged knowledge and influence.

Ethical Scholars and Unethical Committees

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-238
Author(s):  
George Chryssides
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Ethics Committees ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Biomedical Model ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Codes Of Practice ◽  
Institutional Ethics ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of

In most education institutions, research involving human subjects requires to be scrutinized by an ethics committee. After outlining the history of research ethics and codes of practice, the author draws on his own experience of research on Jehovah’s Witnesses, examining issues of consent, disclosure, respect for informants, and confidentiality. It is argued that institutional ethics committees tend to apply a biomedical model of research, which is inappropriate in the study of religion. Several problems in the operation of research committees are identified, such as their typical adversarial stance, the frequent lack of appropriate qualifications among members, and their failure to recognize the ways in which research in religion is conducted. Ethical considerations are not limited to fieldwork, and the author argues the need to recognize the wider aspects of research, and to note the ways in which other organizations address ethical issues. Such organizations include religious communities themselves, business companies, and a few universities who have developed a concern for their wider social responsibility. Although there remains a place for ethics committees, they can themselves operate in an unethical manner, and need to take a more humane and realistic account of research methods in the study of religion.

Ethical Considerations for Conducting Clinical Research

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debra M. Suiter
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Research ◽  
Research Ethics ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of

The need for evidence-based assessments and treatments for individuals with dysphagia has driven the need for more research in these areas. This article reviews the history of research ethics and the documents that have shaped the public's perception of clinical research, and discusses specific examples of how these ethics affect clinical research of individuals with dysphagia.

History of Research in Mammalian Sexual Behavior

1983 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 545-546
Author(s):  
Rae Silver
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of

Review of early developmental stages of trilobites and agnostids from the Barrandian area (Czech Republic)

2017 ◽  
Vol 186 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-112
Author(s):  
Lukáš Laibl ◽  
Oldřich Fatka
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Early Developmental Stages ◽  
History Of ◽  
Barrandian Area ◽  
Early Developmental

This contribution briefly summarizes the history of research, modes of preservation and stratigraphic distribution of 51 trilobite and five agnostid taxa from the Barrandian area, for which the early developmental stages have been described.

Bayesian Inference in Human Time Perception

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Likelihood Function ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Temporal Properties ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Psychophysical Testing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fundamental Dimension ◽  
Perception Of Time

Time is a fundamental dimension of human perception, cognition and action, as the perception and cognition of temporal information is essential for everyday activities and survival. Innumerable studies have investigated the perception of time over the last 100 years, but the neural and computational bases for the processing of time remains unknown. First, we present a brief history of research and the methods used in time perception and then discuss the psychophysical approach to time, extant models of time perception, and advancing inconsistencies between each account that this review aims to bridge the gap between. Recent work has advocated a Bayesian approach to time perception. This framework has been applied to both duration and perceived timing, where prior expectations about when a stimulus might occur in the future (prior distribution) are combined with current sensory evidence (likelihood function) in order to generate the perception of temporal properties (posterior distribution). In general, these models predict that the brain uses temporal expectations to bias perception in a way that stimuli are ‘regularized’ i.e. stimuli look more like what has been seen before. Evidence for this framework has been found using human psychophysical testing (experimental methods to quantify behaviour in the perceptual system). Finally, an outlook for how these models can advance future research in temporal perception is discussed.

Perfektives und Imperfektives Partizip

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 27-79
Author(s):  
Marc Brose
Keyword(s):  
Tense And Aspect ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Basic Semantic

“Perfective and Imperfective Participle”: This article deals with the basic semantic opposition of the two types of Egyptian participles, jri̯ and jrr. After an extended overview of the history of research presenting the classical approaches of K. Sethe and A. H. Gardiner, who both used established terms of models of tense and aspect, and also the advanced approaches of W. Schenkel, J. P. Allen, K. Jansen-Winkeln and E. Oreál, who introduced new concepts and terminolgy and so tried to overcome the classical approaches, it is nevertheless shown that the classification of the opposition as “perfective–imperfective”, with modernized definitions in contrast to Gardiner’s, suffices to explain the entire functional range of the two types and that the advanced approaches are not necessary.

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