Bayesian Inference in Human Time Perception

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Likelihood Function ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Temporal Properties ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Psychophysical Testing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fundamental Dimension ◽  
Perception Of Time

Time is a fundamental dimension of human perception, cognition and action, as the perception and cognition of temporal information is essential for everyday activities and survival. Innumerable studies have investigated the perception of time over the last 100 years, but the neural and computational bases for the processing of time remains unknown. First, we present a brief history of research and the methods used in time perception and then discuss the psychophysical approach to time, extant models of time perception, and advancing inconsistencies between each account that this review aims to bridge the gap between. Recent work has advocated a Bayesian approach to time perception. This framework has been applied to both duration and perceived timing, where prior expectations about when a stimulus might occur in the future (prior distribution) are combined with current sensory evidence (likelihood function) in order to generate the perception of temporal properties (posterior distribution). In general, these models predict that the brain uses temporal expectations to bias perception in a way that stimuli are ‘regularized’ i.e. stimuli look more like what has been seen before. Evidence for this framework has been found using human psychophysical testing (experimental methods to quantify behaviour in the perceptual system). Finally, an outlook for how these models can advance future research in temporal perception is discussed.

scholarly journals On the Distinction Between Perceived Duration and Event Timing: Towards a Unified Model of Time Perception

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Likelihood Function ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Unified Model ◽  
Temporal Properties ◽  
Event Timing ◽  
Fundamental Dimension ◽  
Perception Of Time ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Perceived Duration

Time is a fundamental dimension of human perception, cognition and action, as the processing and cognition of temporal information is essential for everyday activities and survival. Innumerable studies have investigated the perception of time over the last 100 years, but the neural and computational bases for the processing of time remains unknown. Extant models of time perception are discussed before the proposition of a unified model of time perception that relates perceived event timing with perceived duration. The distinction between perceived event timing and perceived duration provides the current for navigating a river of contemporary approaches to time perception. Recent work has advocated a Bayesian approach to time perception. This framework has been applied to both duration and perceived timing, where prior expectations about when a stimulus might occur in the future (prior distribution) are combined with current sensory evidence (likelihood function) in order to generate the perception of temporal properties (posterior distribution). In general, these models predict that the brain uses temporal expectations to bias perception in a way that stimuli are ‘regularized’ i.e. stimuli look more like what has been seen before. As such, the synthesis of perceived timing and duration models is of theoretical importance for the field of timing and time perception.

scholarly journals Cost-effectiveness in health: consolidated research and contemporary challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Kaun dos Santos Silva ◽  
June Alisson Westarb Cruz ◽  
Maria Alexandra Viegas Cortez da Cunha ◽  
Thyago Proença de Moraes ◽  
Sandro Marques ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Essential Step ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
History Of ◽  
Improve Health

AbstractThe need to develop alternatives to improve health assistance access and qualification was emergent and urgent even before the advent of Covid-19. Such demand is necessary in regard to both public and private systems. In this context, the theme of cost and effectiveness is technically adequate and viable to analyze these alternatives. Analyzing the history of research development on the topic and identifying its gaps is thus an essential step in facing this challenge. Therefore, the objective of this study was to modestly contribute to a bibliometric examination of scientific production based on the theme of cost-effectiveness to guide future research, despite the maturity of the theme, and as well as its future challenges. As a result, several essential aspects of the theoretical approach to the theme were observed, such as its conceptualization, purpose, and objective within public and private institutions, identifying its main authors, universities, reference countries, and funding institutions, authors’ relationship networks, and related themes. One of the most important factors identified is the absence of the theme applied to contemporary topics in health, such as telemedicine, telehealth, robotics, artificial intelligence, new drugs and medicines, and new healthcare protocols.

Apocalyptic and Wisdom Literature

2021 ◽  
pp. 474-492
Author(s):  
Bennie H. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Wisdom Literature ◽  
Apocalyptic Literature ◽  
Ancient Judaism ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
History Of ◽  
Christian Literature ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Important Progress

“Apocalyptic Literature” and “Wisdom Literature” are broad designations that represent widely recognized categories of inquiry in the fields of ancient Judaism, early Christianity, and beyond. The relationship between the two has been a prominent topic of study over the last five decades. Beyond their familiar connotations, one finds a complicated and contested relationship in recent scholarship on ancient Jewish and Christian literature. This article attempts to disambiguate both the terms and the recent history of research in order to highlight some of the most important progress made and some of the most promising avenues for future research.

From the Dynamic Structure of the Brain to the Emergence of Time Experiences

KronoScope ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginie van Wassenhove
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Dynamic Structure ◽  
Temporal Properties ◽  
Complementary Approach ◽  
Cognitive Neurosciences ◽  
History Of ◽  
Open Question ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Model View

AbstractTime perception remains an open question in cognitive neurosciences. Mechanisms for the encoding of time come in different flavors but the evidence remain sparse for the simplest questions, for instance, which areas in the brain constitute the most reliable sources for the encoding of time? Indeed, not one brain lesion in the cortex can account on its own for a total impairment in timing functions. The aim of this contribution is to highlight key concepts in the history of cognitive neurosciences that are relevant to the study of time perception. An alternative or a complementary approach to the classic clock model view is provided regarding ways in which the brain could automatically encode temporal properties.

scholarly journals THE DEVELOPMENT OF VALIDITY AND VALIDATION IN LANGUAGE TESTING

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
JIN CHEN ◽  
YONG-QIANG ZENG ◽  
WEI-LIE LU
Keyword(s):  
Language Testing ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Unified Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Validity Theory

Validity and validation have been key issues in language testing. During the past seven decades, researchers have aired different views on validity whose development, can be divided into four stages, namely, the stage of criterion-based approach, the stage of tripartite approach, the stage of unified approach and the stage of argument-based approach. In order to have an informed knowledge of validity theory, this article briefly traces the history of research on validity concepts and the corresponding frameworks of validation. By examining the development of validity and validation, some possible topics for future research are uncovered.

Parenting and Well-Being

1989 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
DEBRA UMBERSON
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of

This article briefly reviews the history of research on parenthood and psychological well-being, provides an overview of the articles included in this special issue, and identifies important directions for future research on parenthood and parents' well-being.

scholarly journals Poisonous plants : historical overview : Onderstepoort and veterinary research in Africa

2009 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
T.S. Kellerman
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Veterinary Science ◽  
Poisonous Plants ◽  
Veterinary Research ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Transfer Of Information ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Glycoside Poisoning

South Africa is blessed with one of the richest floras in the world, which - not surprisingly - includes many poisonous plants. Theiler in the founding years believed that plants could be involved in the aetiologies of many of the then unexplained conditions of stock, such as gousiekte and geeldikkop. His subsequent investigations of plant poisonings largely laid the foundation for the future Sections of Toxicology at the Institute and the Faculty of Veterinary Science (UP). The history of research into plant poisonings over the last 100 years is briefly outlined. Some examples of sustained research on important plant poisonings, such as cardiac glycoside poisoning and gousiekte, are given to illustrate our approach to the subject and the progress that has been made. The collation and transfer of information and the impact of plant poisonings on the livestock industry is discussed and possible avenues of future research are investigated.

Obsidian Hydration Rate Development

1988 ◽  
Vol 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathon E. Ericson
Keyword(s):  
Land Development ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Diffusion Reaction ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Environmental Chemical ◽  
Hydration Rate ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rich Data ◽  
Derived Data

ABSTRACTSince the seminal work of Friedman and Smith [1] obsidian hydration dating (OHD) has undergone several important stages of development and refinement. This paper will summarize the history of research and developments as to elucidate some areas for future research.Archaeologists have taken a pragmatic and empirical approach towards OHD and hydration rate determination. They would like OHD to become an absolute chronometric technique. Geochemists and material scientists have sought to understand the hydration process from an environmental, chemical and thermodynamic perspective. As suggested by the literature, obsidian hydration appears to be a diffusion, reaction and dissolution process dependent on the chemical and thermal history of the hydration environment. Although there appear to be certain central tendencies, however, there are discrepancies between empirical archaeologically-derived data and theoretical models.California offers a rich data base for synthesis and testing of hydration models. There are over 25 natural obsidian sources many of whose chemical and physical properties have been measured by Ericson [2]. Obsidians have been distributed aboriginally as artifacts into diverse environments. Intensive excavations, underwritten by extensive land development, have contributed to development of a number of source-specific hydration rates for single sources. Reanalysis of the California data warrants future examination to advance our understanding of obsidian hydration dating on a world wide basis.

Memory as a String of Pearls

KronoScope ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. Hancock ◽  
Nushien Shahnami
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experience ◽  
Time Perception ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Perception Of Time ◽  
Episodic Memories ◽  
String Of Pearls

AbstractWhich representational metaphor one chooses serves to exert a powerful influence upon how we conceive of and subsequently think about time. In the human perception of time, one of the most critical faculties is that of memory, since it appears that we remember the past and anticipate the future while simultaneously experiencing the present. We here present a ‘string of pearls’ metaphor which captures the features of episodic memories (both retrospective and prospective) as the pearls on the string. The underlying continuity of lived experience of existence is equated with the thread of the string itself upon which these respective episodic pearls are mounted. The advantages, nuances, and drawbacks of the use of this metaphor to the understanding of time perception are discussed.

scholarly journals Early Attachment Network to Multiple Caregivers: A Brief History of Research and Assessment Models

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Or Dagan ◽  
Abraham Sagi-Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Power ◽  
Developmental Outcomes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Early Attachment ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Child Attachment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Valid Assessment ◽  
Robust Evidence ◽  
Attachment Bonds

Early attachment has been commonly hypothesized to predict children’s future developmental outcomes, and robust evidence relying on assessments of single caregiver-child attachment patterns has corroborated this hypothesis. Nevertheless, most often children are raised by multiple caregivers, and they tend to form attachment bonds with more than one of them. In this paper, we briefly describe the conceptual and empirical roots underlying the notion of attachment network to multiple caregivers. We describe potential reasons for researchfocusing on a single caregiver (most often mothers, but recently also fathers) and the historical attempts to establish a more ecologically valid assessment of attachment to multiple caregivers. Finally, we describe a recently developed organizational framework that includes testable models on which future research may rely for assessing the predictive power of attachment networks to multiple caregivers on children’s developmental outcomes.

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