Semantic Changes and Pragmatic Functions of Address Form “Bao” in Chinese Media Context

As an emerging address form, "Bao" is popular and widely used in media and has its own place in lovers' prattles. This article compares the newly fashioned address "bao" with the other two address forms, "bao bao" popular in 2015 as one of the ten buzzwords and "bao bei", respectively. It is found that the three shares the basic semantic meaning, but the degrees of their semantic extension differ. There are three semantic meanings: to refer to children from the parents' part, refer to someone in close relation, and refer to all the people. Meanwhile, "bao" has its distinctive features in pragmatic functions. The first one is to maintain a harmonious relationship, and the second is to achieve communicative goals. Therefore, we should consider when choosing among the three addresses, albeit their semantic generalization, in case of pragmatic failure.

»I sat alone«. The Language of Loneliness in the Hebrew Bible

The Hebrew Bible frequently portrays lonely characters and voices, yet a specific study of »loneliness« is not yet available. As a basic semantic and exegetical inquiry, this article surveys the usage of the lexeme בד/בדד and analyses four passages in which the expression »sitting alone« (בדד + ישׁב) appears, namely, Lev 13:46, Jer 15:17, Lam 1:1 and 3:28. Of key interest are the literary environment and discourse structures in which בדד + ישב stands. The characterisation and evaluation of loneliness likewise receive some attention. The study concludes with a synthesis that highlights connections between loneliness, society, God, and death.

Systèmes De Classification Nominale En Asie Du Sud-Est : Les Différentes Fonctions Des Morphèmes Classificatoires

This article focuses on classifiers, one system of the nominal classification domain which is found in Southeast Asian languages. One of the functions associated with classifiers is the categorization of the nominal lexicon according to the semantic characteristics of the referent. Unsurprisingly, classifiers in Southeast Asia are organized around the basic semantic domains of the different systems of nominal classification. Although the system of so-called ‘numeral’ classifiers, whose primary function is to quantify referents, is the best known and most widespread in Southeast Asia, classifiers can encode various functions according to the syntactic constructions in which they appear. In some languages, these morphemes compete with class terms, a second nominal classification system. Sometimes the same form may belong to several paradigms, thus recalling a well-known characteristic of South-East Asian languages: the polyfunctionalty of forms.

Termes exprimant la notion d’amour en grec, leurs traductions adoptées et leur contexte d’emploi dans les Évangiles synoptiques et dans l’Évangile selon saint Jean

The purpose of the present article is the analysis of the Greek terms expressing the concept of love ἔρως (eros), στοργή (storge), φιλία (philia) and ἀγάπη (agape) and the impact of their semantic character on the uses appearing in the Bible. The author is primarily concerned with the study of etymology and determination of historical changes in the meaning of the analyzed terms, their use in secular and religious literature, in classical and late Greek.The next step is a detailed analysis of the verbs φιλέω (phileo) and ἀγαπάω (agapao), which are the only of the four terms to appear in the Gospels. The text ends by indicating for each form used in the Gospels its semantic scope and checking whether it corresponds to the basic semantic features of each of the verbs.

DECODING THE AUTHOR'S IDEA OF A SPEECH UTTERANCE USING THE METHOD OF DENOTATIVE TEXT ANALYSIS

Данная статья посвящена описанию проведенного исследования, целью которого является изучение замысла или предмета речевой деятельности путем последовательного анализа каждого этапа порождения речевого высказывания от внешней формы текста до замысла автора по модели А.А. Леонтьева. Для проведения данного исследования были поставлены и решены задачи визуализации операции определения основных смысловых единиц предметного содержания речевого высказывания, визуализации операции определения «иерархии» смысловых единиц в «контексте» речевого сообщения и визуализации операции определения последовательности отображения смысловых элементов в речевом высказывании. Для анализа результатов, полученных на каждом этапе исследования, используются различные средства, такие как существующие программы семантического анализа текста и методика построения денотатного графа А.И. Новикова. Данная работа проведена для определения замысла автора на материале текстов англоязычных блогов, так как данные тексты могут быть рассмотрены как речевое высказывание, представленное в письменной форме, имеющее свою интенцию и направленное на адресата. The present paper is devoted to the investigation of the intention of a speaker or decoding the author's idea of a speech utterance. The purpose of this research is to study the idea or subject of speech activity by analyzing each stage of speech utterance generation from the external form of the text to the author's idea according to the model of A.A. Leontiev. To conduct this study some tasks were set and solved such as the task of visualizing of the operation of determining the basic semantic units of the subject content of speech, rendering of the operation of the definition of "hierarchy" semantic units in the "context" of a voice message, and visualizing of the operation of determining the display order of semantic elements in speech utterance. To analyze the results obtained at each stage of the study, various tools are used, such as existing programs for semantic text analysis and the method of constructing a denotative graph by A.I. Novikov. This work is carried out to determine the author's intention based on the material of texts of English-language blogs, since these texts can be considered as speech utterances presented in writing, having its own intention and directed at the addressee.

Lifelog Image Retrieval Based on Semantic Relevance Mapping

Lifelog analytics is an emerging research area with technologies embracing the latest advances in machine learning, wearable computing, and data analytics. However, state-of-the-art technologies are still inadequate to distill voluminous multimodal lifelog data into high quality insights. In this article, we propose a novel semantic relevance mapping ( SRM ) method to tackle the problem of lifelog information access. We formulate lifelog image retrieval as a series of mapping processes where a semantic gap exists for relating basic semantic attributes with high-level query topics. The SRM serves both as a formalism to construct a trainable model to bridge the semantic gap and an algorithm to implement the training process on real-world lifelog data. Based on the SRM, we propose a computational framework of lifelog analytics to support various applications of lifelog information access, such as image retrieval, summarization, and insight visualization. Systematic evaluations are performed on three challenging benchmarking tasks to show the effectiveness of our method.

Conceptual and Linguistic Transfer from L2 (Catalan) to L1 (Amazigh) within the Context of Migration

This paper focuses on the analysis of the lexical and semantic influences of L2 (Catalan) on the L1 (Amazigh) in a basic semantic field: parts of the body. Based on the observation that our participants show differences in their L1 usage related to the amount of time they have been in contact with Catalan, our goal is to analyze and describe these differences to see if they are the consequence of a transfer from the L2 conceptual system. This paper is a qualitative study with a sample size of 14 participants whose L1 is Amazigh and who live in Catalonia. The results show that there are cases of semantic and conceptual influence, although to a lesser degree than in other studies that do not analyze data from basic semantic fields. We will also show that there are extralinguistic factors that influence these transfers (the status of the languages involved and certain characteristics of the speakers).

Verbal Number in Chadic, with Special Reference to Hausa

The chapter provides a general overview of the formal marking of pluractionality in Chadic languages and its observable interpretive effects, with a special focus of Hausa. Section 29.2 introduces the three major strategies for marking pluractionality in Chadic (reduplication, infixing/ablauting, suffixation), before discussing possible correspondences between formal marking and interpretation. The empirical focus lies on languages that do not figure prominently in earlier works on pluractionality in Chadic. The section also contains a case study on the interpretation of different ways of pluractional marking in West Chadic Bole. Section 29.3 introduces the basic patterns of pluractional marking in Hausa, and their basic semantic interpretation in terms of distribution over participants or places. It then discusses secondary, pragmatically inferred meaning effects in terms of abundance, individuation, or intensification. The chapter ends with a discussion of why pluractional marking in Hausa does not easily allow for iterative event interpretations.

Psychological well-being and value-semantic sphere of personality among psychology students

Introduction. The relevance of the study of psychological well-being and its correlation with the value-semantic sphere of the personality among students-psychologists is due to the need to train specialists in helping professions, who are able to carry out competent psychological support of the subject during a period of growing instability.The aim of the present research is to identify the characteristics of psychological well-being and its correlations with the value-semantic sphere of psychology students' personality in terms of personal values, basic semantic attitudes, self-actualisation of the personality, a dynamic system of life meanings for understanding and working out flexible supra-professional skills associated with self-organisation and self-development of career paths to maintain professional health.Methodology and research methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the subject-activity approach to psychological well-being and the value-semantic sphere of the individual, developed by the Russian psychology, taking into account the scientific works of foreign authors. An empirical study was conducted among students-psychologists of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (N = 80) using the psychodiagnostic methods: “Scale of Psychological Well-Being” by K. Riff (adapted by T. P. Shevelenkova and P. P. Fesenko), “Self-Actualization Test” (by E. Shostrom), “Value Questionnaire” (by Sh. Schwartz), test “Meaningful Orientations” (by D. A. Leontiev), “System of Life Meanings” (by V. Yu. Kotlyakov), “Basic Semantic Attitudes” (by A. D. Ishkov and N. G. Milardova). The following methods of mathematical statistics were applied: correlation (Spearman's р) and factor analysis (principal component method), IBM SPSS Statistics 22 program.Results. The revealed significant correlations between psychological well-being, value orientations and semantic attitudes of psychology students confirm that the respondents' goal-setting is limited by the lack of a sense of independence, as well as the need to combine new and traditional methods for society to manage and control their activities. Self-actualisation of the individual is constrained by the presence of semantic attitudes of the respondents, reflecting their dependence on emotional support and the opinions of others. The results of factor analysis demonstrate the presence of five factors in the personality structure: the factor of safety and stability of life when it is meaningful and manageable; the factor of self-actualisation regardless of the environment; the factor of psychological well-being with the meaningfulness of personal development; the factor of manifesting concern for the well-being of loved ones with a decrease in exactingness and responsibility for them; the factor of achieving personal success with the ability to take risks.Scientific novelty. The authors made an attempt at investigating the correlations of psychological well-being with certain aspects of the value-semantic sphere of the personality among young specialists in the helping profession, for whom this area of the psyche acquires professional and personal significance.Practical significance. The results of the current research can be employed in the course of preparation and design of professional supervision programmes for students-psychologists, as well as in the process of development of over-professional skills associated with the reflection of young specialists of their own life-creating resources, located in the space of complex interaction of psychological well-being and value-semantic sphere.