scholarly journals Ethics in clinical research

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 16-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Fakruddin ◽  
Abhijit Chowdhury ◽  
Md Nur Hossain ◽  
Khanjada Shahnewaj Bin Mannan
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Research ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Ethical Review ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Nuremberg Code ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World

History of unethical clinical research practice date back to a very long time, though the most remarkable unethical clinical research was those by the Nazis during second world war, which eventually shaken the scientific community and gives birth to the first guideline of ethics in clinical research, the Nuremberg Code. Following Nuremberg code, a number of ethical guidelines has been formulated most important of which are the declaration of Helsinski. To make any research involving human subjects or samples ethically acceptable, a number of key features have to be considered by the scientists. These guidelines are internationally accepted and without following these guidelines, no clinical research is acceptable in the world. Though, there are many countries in the world like Bangladesh, which don’t have any ethical guidelines of their own and thus scientists in those countries do not adhere the any ethical guideline while conducting their research. Each country should have their own ethical guidelines and each clinical research institutes should have own ethical review committee to ensure ethical clinical research. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v3i3.12560 Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2012; 3(3):16-20

scholarly journals The War of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 and the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Sukhodolov ◽  
Tuvd Dorj ◽  
Yuriy Kuzmin ◽  
Mikhail Rachkov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Second World

For the first time in Russian historiography, the article draws attention to the connection of the War of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 and the conclusion of the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact of 1939. For a long time, historical science considered these two major events in the history of the USSR and history of the world individually, without their historic relationship. The authors made an attempt to provide evidence of this relationship, showing the role that surrounding and defeating the Japanese army at Khalkhin Gol in August 1939 and signing in Moscow of the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact played in the history of the world. The study analyzes the foreign policy of the USSR in Europe, the reasons for the failure in the conclusion of the Anglo-Franco-Soviet military union in 1939 and the circumstances of the Pact. It shows the interrelation between the defeat of the Japanese troops at Khalkhin Gol and the need for the Soviet-German treaty. The authors describe the historic consequences of the conclusion of the pact for the further development of the Japanese-German relations and the course of the Second World War. They also present the characteristics of the views of these historical events in the Russian historiography.

scholarly journals History of Clinical Research and Ethics

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamima Parvin Lasker
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Research ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Nuremberg Code ◽  
Useful Knowledge ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Common Understanding ◽  
Participation In Research

The aim of clinical research is to congregate useful knowledge about the human biology. Benefits to the participants are not the purpose of research, although it does secondarily. Therefore, exploitation of human subjects occurred in clinical research. Many people were harmed and basic human rights were violated as a result of their unwillingness participation in research. There have been many tragedies throughout the history of research involving human subjects. Every period of research scandals have been followed by attempt to initiate some ethical codes to protect the human from clinical research. First of such codes is the Nuremberg Code. Thereafter, Helsinky Declaration, Belmont Report and lastly Obama Commission on Guatemala syphilis study. To remember history is essential so that it's not repeated again. Knowledge of the history will provide a better understanding to handle the research fairly. Researchers and the healthcare providers have no awareness of the history of ethical requirements for clinical research. Therefore, repetition of scandal is being seen. In addition, there are few sporadic studies on this issue. Formulation of UNIVERSAL rules and regulations is required which will not be limited to a specific tragedy or scandal or the practice of researcher in one country. It will provide common understanding and unique values of the research all over the world, although their application will require adaptation to particular culture, health condition and economic setting. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v4i1.14265 Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2013; 4(1):20-29

Housing in the Latin American City, 1900–1976

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Yee
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Urban Housing ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Self Help ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World

Housing has been a central feature of Latin America’s dramatic transformation into the most urbanized region of the world. Between 1940 and 1970, the portion of people who lived in urban areas rose from 33 percent to 64 percent; a seismic shift that caused severe housing deficits, overcrowding, and sprawl in Latin America’s major cities. After the Second World War, these urban slums became a symbol of underdevelopment and a target for state-led modernization projects. At a time when Cold War tensions were escalating throughout the world, the region’s housing problems also became more politicized through a network of foreign aid agencies. These overlapping factors illustrate how the history of local housing programs were bound up with broader hemispheric debates over economic development and the role of the nation-state in social affairs. The history of urban housing in 20th-century Latin America can be divided into three distinct periods. The first encompasses the beginning of the 20th century, when issues of housing in the central-city districts were primarily viewed through the lens of public health. Leading scientists, city planners, psychiatrists, and political figures drew strong connections between the sanitary conditions of private domiciles and the social behavior of their residents in public spaces. After the Second World War, urban housing became a proving ground for popular ideas in the social sciences that stressed industrialization and technological modernization as the way forward for the developing world. In this second period, mass housing was defined by a central tension: the promotion of modernist housing complexes versus self-help housing—a process in which residents build their own homes with limited assistance from the state. By the 1970s, the balance had shifted from modernist projects to self-help housing, a development powerfully demonstrated by the 1976 United Nations (UN) Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat I). This seminal UN forum marked a transitional moment when the concepts of self-help community development were formally adopted by emergent, neo-liberal economists and international aid agencies.

The International Institute of Administrative Sciences: main stages of its history

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-215
Author(s):  
Denis Moschopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
International Institute ◽  
World War ◽  
Permanent Commission ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
The World ◽  
Methods And Techniques ◽  
History Of ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Second World

The article reviews the major moments in the history of the International Institute of Administrative Sciences from the year of its establishment (1930) to the present. Additionally, it provides information on the 1910-30 period during which the Permanent Commission for International Congresses in Administrative Sciences operated. More specifically, the article presents the main themes addressed by the international congresses, round tables and conferences organized by the previously mentioned Commission in the beginning, and by the Institute after 1930. Attention is given to the Institutés ‘internationalization’ during the post Second World War period. The Institutés international vocation was demonstrated by the participation of member states and national sections from all over the world, as well as by the development of cooperation with international and supranational organizations. Finally, the Institutés scientific methods and techniques during the 20th century are presented.

Dennis Showalter and the history of armour during Second World War

2022 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-67
Author(s):  
Kaushik Roy
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Present Author ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Good Works ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Second World

Whenever one thinks of the World War II, the image of dark menacing panzers cutting deep swathes into enemy forces comes up to the mind. No amount of interpretation and overinterpretation can belittle the extraordinary role-played by the panzers in World War II. Similarly, despite the presence of numerous good works by various historians and introduction of exotic methodologies, Professor Dennis Showalter’s place in the world of academic writings on World War II can never be marginalized. The present article humbly attempts to highlight one aspect of Professor Showalter’s research: history of tanks during the World War II. This essay has two sections. The first section evaluates Showalter’s three works dealing with armour during the World War II. In the next section, the present author, inspired by Showalter’s works on armoured war, attempts to recount the evolution of armoured branch in the Indian Army until the end of World War II. Indian tank units, as this article argues, played a crucial role in the capture of Meiktila and the subsequent ‘Race to Rangoon’.

scholarly journals Contemporary History in Europe: From Mastering National Pasts to the Future of Writing the World

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 506-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Spohr Readman
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Contemporary History ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Conceptual Problems ◽  
Second World

Debates surrounding the approach to and distinctiveness of contemporary history qua history that had been simmering ever since the professionalization of history in the late nineteenth century re-emerged with vigour after 1990. This article attempts to identify what characterizes and distinguishes (the history of) our present time, by comparing the evolution of what has been labelled ‘contemporary history’ in France, Germany and Britain over the last 90 years. In discussing some of the conceptual problems and methodological challenges of contemporary history, it will be revealed that many in Europe remain stuck in an older, ‘national’ (and transnational) fixation with the second world war and the nazis’ atrocities, although working in medias res today appears to point to the investigation of events and phenomena that are ‘global’. The article will seek to make a fresh suggestion of how to delimit ‘contemporariness’ from the older ‘past’ and end with some comments on the significance of the role of contemporary history within the broader historical discipline and society at large.

scholarly journals Observatory Publications and their Significant Role in Astronomical Libraries

1989 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 127-128
Author(s):  
Kinga Kaminska
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Second World War ◽  
History Of Astronomy ◽  
World War ◽  
Valuable Source ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Research ◽  
Second World ◽  
Source Of Information

The Library of Warsaw University Observatory is a small one, but it is one of the oldest astronomical libraries in Poland. The library collection has been gathered almost since the beginning of the Warsaw Observatory, that is since 1825. Although a large part of our collection was burned during the Second World War, the remaining part contains many unique items. Scholars doing research in the area of the history of astronomy often find our collection very helpful in their work.Observatory publications play a significant role in my library. In general, we have limited possibilities for buying publications with hard currency. Therefore, any free publications obtained by my library constitute an extremely valuable source of information about new research and discoveries all over the world.

scholarly journals TO THE QUESTION OF THE ESATBLISHENT AND FUNCTIONING OF THE MUSEUM OF THE KYIV SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FORENSIC EXPERTISE OF THE MINISTRY OF JUSTICE OF UKRAINE

2020 ◽  
pp. 770-776
Author(s):  
Yu. Foris ◽  
O. Yudina ◽  
V. Vynohradova
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Museum Exhibits ◽  
Forensic Expertise ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Material Evidence ◽  
Second World

The article deals with the history of the museum from the year 1913 up to 2020. The premises and the exposition of the museum are described. The history of the museum begins with the history of the Kyiv Institute, since the first museum was established under the Cabinet and the Cabinet under the Prosecutor of the Kyiv Judicial Chamber. The museum housed seized items that were material evidence in criminal cases. During the Second World War and after it, the Kyiv Institute did not initially have its premises. For a long time, the institute had problems with the premises, until the question of the dissolution of the institute was raised due to the inability to provide it with the proper premises Up to its one hundred jubilee celebration, the museum has to be restored once again. Particularly, this is the merit of Oleksandr Ruvin, the Director of the Kyiv Institute, the ideological organizer and leader who decided to create the museum and Dytro Hamov,the exemployee of the Kyiv Institute, whose efforts created the exposition.The exhibits for the Museum of the Kyiv Institute have been collected for decades, kept by the staff of the Institute and passed from one expert unit to another. Some of the exhibits were donated by colleagues. Part of the exhibits was selected within the Institute from the other departments (information-reference fund, archive, etc.), part was donated to the museum free of charge by individuals and organizations. The exhibits of the museum are unsuitable for use on a previously scheduled destination, and those left out of the civil circulation, items of scientific interest. In general, it should be noted that the dream of many generations of employees of the Institute came true, the Kyiv Institute operates its own forensic museum. However, the exposition also presents other types of forensics. The exhibits of the museum tell about the glorious past of the Kyiv Institute and set up an optimistic view of its future. The museum exhibits also eloquently confirm that one should not abandon the history of the establishment of the institute until the advent of Soviet rule and the onset of 1923, when the institute was “founded” once again, as this history has taken place and imprinted on the continued existence of both science and expert practice, not only the Kyiv Institute, but all forensic and expert institutions.

scholarly journals Two Stops with Přemysl Pitter (1895–1976)

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 365-385
Author(s):  
Jiří Prokop
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
World War ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Educational Institute ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
German Jewish ◽  
Second World ◽  
Limited Service

The Czechs have given the world many important personalities, including pedagogues. In addition to the well-known Jan Amos Komensky (1592–1670), we can also name Gustav Adolf Lindner (1828–1887). But for a long time another important pedagogue personality of the 20th century, Přemysl Pitter, remained unknown to the world. In today’s world of intolerance it’s worthwhile to pay attention to the activities of a man who cherished the values by which he lived his life: “Without love, without human compassion with one another, nothing will stand”2. These are the words of the humanist Přemysl Pitter, a Czech Protestant-oriented thinker, educator, writer, publicist, radical pacifist, and social worker. He founded the famous Prague educational institute “MiličHouse” during the Second World War, and despite strict prohibitions, he visited and supplied the Jews during that time. After the war, he applied for confiscated castles around Prague, where he took care of impoverished German, Jewish, Polish, Czech, and other children. After the establishment of the communist regime, he was forced to flee the country. There was no word of him for many years. But why was his birth declared a UNESCO anniversary? Why did he receive one of the highest state awards of the Czech Republic from President Vaclav Havel? This text addresses such questions. The journey through the life of this exceptional man is like a limited service bus route, consisting of only two stops: and these two stops I present here.

scholarly journals "And after the fire a soft murmuring sound ..." The Abiding Significance of Judaism for Christian Identity

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian M. Rutishauser
Keyword(s):  
Interreligious Dialogue ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Christian Identity ◽  
World Culture ◽  
World War ◽  
People Of God ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Global World ◽  
Second World

Since the Second World War the pioneer phase of Jewish-Christian dialogue has achieved a relatively trusting relationship between both parties and major theological issues have been reflected on and dealt with. With the retirement of this generation of pioneers, while also reviewing history under the influence of the shock of the Shoah, we have to consider a change of paradigm at this time. First of all, a wider public should be involved in the dialogue in the hope of learning to fundamentally construct identity through dialogue. Learnings from the various phases of all of history should be kept in mind. Assuming an active relationship not only with Islam but also with any other interreligious dialogue is of paramount importance in a global world. On the concrete level, a redefinition of monotheism is needed in response to the associations being made between monotheism and violence. Further, the history of salvation has to be re-defined so that not only Jews and Christians are perceived as being in a generative relationship as “people of God” but so that the whole history of the world is perceived in a similar theological manner. A spirituality of action and an understanding of identity as co-constituted by the Other are valuable contributions of the Jewish-Christian dialogue to world culture.

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