scholarly journals Outbreak evaluation of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Giasuddin ◽  
ME Haque ◽  
AHM Kamal ◽  
MR Islam ◽  
A Jahangir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Complex Situation ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Backyard Poultry ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza

Bangladesh first experienced outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N1 in poultry 2007 and by December 2012 a total of five hundred fifty six (556) outbreaks have been reported of which four hundred ninety nine (499) outbreaks occur in commercial poultry farm as against only fifty seven (57) in backyard poultry chicken. The virus appeared to be a deadly pathogen causing a total of six hundred eight (608) human cases with three hundred fifty nine (359) deaths in the world. In Bangladesh seven (7) human cases have been reported with a singular mortality of a child acquiring the infection from household poultry. There had been six epidemic waves of AI outbreaks in Bangladesh since March 2007 and other new waves seem to have started. From the six year’s incidence analysis it was found that higher number of outbreaks occurred in the month of February followed by March. The outbreak started from the middle to late winter and continued up to summer. The phylogenetic analysis of viruses isolated till 2010 revealed only one clade 2.2 virus circulating in Bangladesh. But from 2011 two new clades 2.3.2 and 2.3.4 viruses have been introduced. In 2012, it was observed that Clade 2.2 viruses that was in circulation since 2007 were replaced by 2.3.2.1 viruses. Extensive backyard poultry including a large number of ducks, dense human population, and economic dependence of poor people on poultry with low awareness about risk of infection, live bird trading and poor bio-security were critical factors in the spread of avian influenza infection that posses key challenge in rapid containment. Because of the complex situation in poultry production and marketing system, attempts to control this disease through stamping out and bio-security measures have apparently failed in Bangladesh.Bangladesh J. of Livestock Res. 19(1-2): 44-49, Jan-Dec 2012

Opposite outcomes of the within-host competition between highly and low pathogenic H5N8 avian influenza viruses in chickens compared to ducks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Bessière ◽  
Thomas Figueroa ◽  
Amelia Coggon ◽  
Charlotte Foret-Lucas ◽  
Alexandre Houffschmitt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Viral Evolution ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) emerge from low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) through the introduction of basic amino acids at the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site. Following viral evolution, the newly formed HPAIV likely represents a minority variant within the index host, predominantly infected with the LPAIV precursor. Using reverse-genetics engineered H5N8 viruses differing solely at the HA cleavage, we tested the hypothesis that the interaction between the minority HPAIV and the majority LPAIV could modulate the risk of HPAIV emergence and that the nature of the interaction could depend on the host species. In chickens, we observed that the H5N8 LP increased H5N8 HP replication and pathogenesis. By contrast, the H5N8 LP antagonized H5N8 HP replication and pathogenesis in ducks. Ducks mounted a more potent antiviral innate immune response than chickens against the H5N8 LP , which correlated with H5N8 HP inhibition. These data provide experimental evidence that HPAIV may be more likely to emerge in chickens than in ducks and underscore the importance of within-host viral variants interactions in viral evolution. IMPORTANCE Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses represent a threat to poultry production systems and to human health because of their impact on food security and because of their zoonotic potential. It is therefore crucial to better understand how these viruses emerge. Using a within-host competition model between highly and low pathogenic avian influenza viruses, we provide evidence that highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses could be more likely to emerge in chickens than in ducks. These results have important implications for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus emergence prevention and they underscore the importance of within-host viral variants interactions in virus evolution.

scholarly journals 1438Dynamics of inter-farm transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza integrating vehicle movements and phylogenetic information

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dae-sung Yoo ◽  
Chun Byung Chul
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Movement Restriction ◽  
Phylogenetic Information ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), a zoonotic infectious disease, has been considered a severe threat to public health. The fundamental prevention and control strategy against HPAI includes minimizing the outbreaks of poultry holdings where the virus primarily spreads through animal trade and poultry production associated vehicle movement (PPVM). However, very few attempts have been made to elucidate the association between PPVM and HPAI transmission compared to studies on poultry trade. Therefore, our study aimed to elucidate the role of PPVM on HPAI transmission. Methods We performed network analysis using PPVM data based on a global positioning system (GPS), with phylogenetic information of the HPAI virus for reliable estimation. Moreover, the contribution of PPVM to HPAI infection was estimated by Bayesian inference. Results The network analysis revealed that the connection via PPVM between the same genetic group of infected premises (IPs) was more prevalent than that of different genotype IPs. Moreover, the similarity of farm poultry species and the overlapped integrators between inter-linked IPs was associated with potential transmission route formation. Additionally, the contribution of PPVM among phylogenetically clustered IPs was estimated to have 28.25% of HPAI infections in IPs on average. Conclusions HPAI control strategies including targeted movement restriction and standstill should be established against the HPAI transmission via PPVM. Key messages This is a solid and novel study depicting the need for combining epidemiological analysis with data regarding molecular epidemiology of pathogens.

scholarly journals Mortality and Pathology Associated with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Outbreaks in Commercial Poultry Production Systems in Nigeria

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olatunde Babatunde Akanbi ◽  
Victor Olusegun Taiwo
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Hpai H5n1 ◽  
Commercial Poultry ◽  
The One ◽  
Influenza H5n1

Commercial layer-type, pullet, cockerel, and broiler chicken flocks infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in Nigeria between 2006 and 2008 were investigated for morbidity, mortality, and pathology. Of the one hundred and fifty-three (153) farms confirmed with HPAI infection, one hundred and twenty-seven (127) were layer-type farms, nine (9) were pullet and broiler farms each, and eight (8) were cockerel rearing farms. This study revealed the morbidity and mortality of a total of 939,620 commercial layer chickens, 16,421 pullets, 3,109 cockerels, and 6,433 broilers. Mortality rates were 11.11% in commercial layers, 26.84% in pullets, 45.51% in cockerels, and 73.92% in broilers in a total of eighteen (18) states and the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. A total of 316 carcasses were examined of which 248 were commercial layer, 25 were pullet, 14 were cockerel, and 29 were broiler. Main clinical and pathologic findings were observed in the nervous, circulatory, respiratory, integumentary, musculoskeletal, hemopoietic, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems and, occasionally, lesions were generally nonspecific and multisystemic. Lesions occurred more frequently, severely, and in most of the carcasses examined, irrespective of chicken type.

scholarly journals Pathobiology of Clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Infections in Minor Gallinaceous Poultry Supports Early Backyard Flock Introductions in the Western United States in 2014-2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (21) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kateri Bertran ◽  
Dong-Hun Lee ◽  
Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood ◽  
Erica Spackman ◽  
Charles Balzli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Japanese Quail ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
The United States ◽  
Guinea Fowl ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Backyard Poultry ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza

ABSTRACT In 2014 and 2015, the United States experienced an unprecedented outbreak of Eurasian clade 2.3.4.4 H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus. Initial cases affected mainly wild birds and mixed backyard poultry species, while later outbreaks affected mostly commercial chickens and turkeys. The pathogenesis, transmission, and intrahost evolutionary dynamics of initial Eurasian H5N8 and reassortant H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI viruses in the United States were investigated in minor gallinaceous poultry species (i.e., species for which the U.S. commercial industries are small), namely, Japanese quail, bobwhite quail, pearl guinea fowl, chukar partridges, and ring-necked pheasants. Low mean bird infectious doses (<2 to 3.7 log10) support direct introduction and infection of these species as observed in mixed backyard poultry during the early outbreaks. Pathobiological features and systemic virus replication in all species tested were consistent with HPAI virus infection. Sustained virus shedding with transmission to contact-exposed birds, alongside long incubation periods, may enable unrecognized dissemination and adaptation to other gallinaceous species, such as chickens and turkeys. Genome sequencing of excreted viruses revealed numerous low-frequency polymorphisms and 20 consensus-level substitutions in all genes and species, but especially in Japanese quail and pearl guinea fowl and in internal proteins PB1 and PB2. This genomic flexibility after only one passage indicates that influenza viruses can continue to evolve in galliform species, increasing their opportunity to adapt to other species. Our findings suggest that these gallinaceous poultry are permissive for infection and sustainable transmissibility with the 2014 initial wild bird-adapted clade 2.3.4.4 virus, with potential acquisition of mutations leading to host range adaptation. IMPORTANCE The outbreak of clade 2.3.4.4 H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus that occurred in the United States in 2014 and 2015 represents the worst livestock disease event in the country, with unprecedented socioeconomic and commercial consequences. Epidemiological and molecular investigations can identify transmission pathways of the HPAI virus. However, understanding the pathogenesis, transmission, and intrahost evolutionary dynamics of new HPAI viruses in different avian species is paramount. The significance of our research is in examining the susceptibility of minor gallinaceous species to HPAI virus, as this poultry sector also suffers from HPAI epizootics, and identifying the biological potential of these species as an epidemiological link between the waterfowl reservoir and the commercial chicken and turkey populations, with the ultimate goal of refining surveillance in these populations to enhance early detection, management, and control in future HPAI virus outbreaks.

scholarly journals Dynamics of inter-farm transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 integrating vehicle movements and phylogenetic information

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dae-Sung Yoo ◽  
Byung chul Chun ◽  
Younjung Kim ◽  
Kwang-Nyeong Lee ◽  
Oun-Kyoung Moon
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Contact Network ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Phylogenetic Information ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza

AbstractHighly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in poultry holdings commonly spreads through animal trade, and poultry production and health-associated vehicle (PPHaV) movement. To effectively control the spread of disease, it is essential that the contact structure via those movements among farms is thoroughly explored. However, few attempts have been made to scrutinize PPHaV movement compared to poultry trade. Therefore, our study aimed to elucidate the role of PPHaV movement on HPAI transmission. We performed network analysis using PPHaV movement data based on a global positioning system, with phylogenetic information of the isolates during the 2016–2017 HPAI H5N6 epidemic in the Republic of Korea. Moreover, the contribution of PPHaV movement to the spread of HPAI was estimated by Bayesian modeling. The network analysis revealed that there was the relationship between phylogenetic clusters and the contact network via PPHaV movement. Furthermore, the similarity of farm poultry species and the shared integrators between inter-linked infected premises (IPs) were associated with ties within the same phylogenetic clusters. Additionally, PPHaV movement among phylogenetically clustered IPs was estimated to contribute to approximately 30% of HPAI H5N6 infections in IPs on average. This study provides insight into how HPAI spread via PPHaV movement and scientific basis for control strategies.

Efficacy of clade 2.3.2 H5 commercial vaccines in protecting chickens from clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza infection

Vaccine ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (9) ◽  
pp. 1316-1322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seong-su Yuk ◽  
T.O. Erdene-Ochir ◽  
Jung-Hoon Kwon ◽  
Jin-Yong Noh ◽  
Woo-tack Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza

scholarly journals More cases of avian influenza infection in humans and poultry in Turkey

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Collective Editorial team
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza

Eighteen human cases of infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) in Turkey have been confirmed

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