scholarly journals Comparative descriptions of the immature stages and ecology of five Finnish melitaeine butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niklas Wahlberg
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Instar ◽  
The Body ◽  
Butterfly Species ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Melitaea Cinxia ◽  
Short Discussion ◽  
Terminal Seta ◽  
Bright Yellow

The immature stages of five Finnish melitaeine butterfly species are described, together with a short discussion of the ecology of each species. The five species are Melitaea cinxia (L.), M diamina (Lang), M. athalia (Rottemburg), Euphydryas maturna (L.) and E. aurinia (Rottemburg). The eggs of the Euphydryas species are distinguished from the eggs of the Melitaea species by their bright yellow colouration when freshly laid which changes to brown after some days. Eggs of the Melitaea species are creamy yellow until hatching. Prediapause larvae are also distinct between these two groups, with Euphydryas species having fine spotting on the body and a very long terminal seta on the spines. These features are absent in the Melitaea species. All larvae diapause as mid-ins tar larvae, usually in the fourth instar. Behaviour of postdiapause larvae varies between species from highly gregarious (M. cinxia and .E. aurinia) through gregarious until diapause (M diamina and E. matuma) to solitary (M. athalia).

ENCAPSULATION OF RHABDITOID NEMATODES IN MOSQUITOES

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1269-1275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan F. Bronskill
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
The Body ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Adult Tissue ◽  
Defence Reaction ◽  
Blood Sinus

In third and fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.), juveniles of the rhabditoid, DD136, penetrate the blood sinus and cardial epithelium of the proventriculus to enter the body cavity of the host, where they complete their development. By 5 hours, a thick capsule developed about many of the ensheathed immature adults of DD136 within the body cavity of A. aegypti larvae. This rapid defence reaction of the mosquito to DD136, which has both a melanin and a cellular manifestation, occurs both in the exotic mosquito A. aegypti and in the two endemic species tested, Aedes stimulans (Walker) and Aedes trichurus (Dyar). The resistance of A. stimulans to an endemic rhabditoid, possibly of the Diplogasteridae, is also similar. The histological structure of the capsule is not affected during metamorphosis in A. aegypti; however, during histogenesis of adult tissue displacement and (or) distortion of some tissues and organs may be caused by the presence of the capsule within the host's body cavity. The activity of the adult A. aegypti is normal when this distortion or displacement is minor. Though usually encapsulated DD136 are retained within the body cavity of A. aegypti during metamorphosis, sometimes they are partially or completely expelled from the host's body cavity at the time of molting.

THE IMMATURE STAGES OF PTYCHOPTERA LENIS LENIS (DIPTERA: PTYCHOPTERIDAE) WITH NOTES ON THEIR BIOLOGY

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (8) ◽  
pp. 1091-1099 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. D. Hodkinson
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Atmospheric Oxygen ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Marginal Areas ◽  
Pharate Adult

AbstractThe four larval instars and the pupa of Ptychoptera lenis lenis Osten Sacken are described. Instars 2 to 4 are very similar morphologically but instar 1 is markedly different. Both a pharate pupal and a pharate adult stage were observed. Larvae are found in stagnant marginal areas of ponds where water depth does not exceed 4 cm and where benthic deposits of plant detritus exceed 8 cm. Fourth instar larvae, under experimental conditions, survived up to 45 days without contact with atmospheric oxygen but development was arrested. P. lenis has a 1 year life cycle with an extended adult emergence season from late May to the end of July.

A mid-Cretaceous female scale insect (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) in Burmese amber

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4810 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-522
Author(s):  
GEORGE POINAR ◽  
FERNANDO E. VEGA ◽  
SCOTT A. SCHNEIDER
Keyword(s):  
Special Interest ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
The Body ◽  
Present Species ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Female Specimen ◽  
New Genus And Species ◽  
Burmese Amber

A new genus and species of scale insect (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) is described from a female specimen in mid-Cretaceous Burmese (Myanmar) amber. Fossil female scales are rare and the present species, described as Paleolepidotus macrocolus gen. et sp. n., has such an unusual assortment of morphological features that it could not be assigned to any particular extant or extinct family. The small, ferruginous specimen exhibits a series of long wax pencils that extend around the body, including the head. The antennae and legs are quite long compared to other extant and extinct scale fossils. Of special interest are the protruding eyes, and a conical-triangular rostrum arising from between the forelegs; the claws with bifid apices are also unique. The ovisac contains immature stages. 

Description of the immature stages of the Neotropical whirligig beetle Gyrinus (Neogyrinus) rozei Ochs, 1953 (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae) and first report of the parasitoid wasp Melanosmicra sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) on a Gyrinus species

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4732 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-116
Author(s):  
DANIARA COLPANI ◽  
CÉSAR JOÃO BENETTI ◽  
NEUSA HAMADA ◽  
VANDERLY ANDRADE-SOUZA ◽  
KARINE SCHOENINGER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Parasitoid Wasp ◽  
First Record ◽  
The Body ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Gene Coi ◽  
Northern Brazil

In most species of Gyrinidae, the immature stages are unknown, especially due to the difficulty in collecting the juveniles and assigning them to a particular species. Molecular association is a feasible technique that may solve this problem. Recent studies have used DNA sequence data, specifically the gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), to associate immature and adult stages, thus enabling the description of the former. The objectives of this study were (1) to describe and illustrate the immature stages of Gyrinus (Neogyrinus) rozei Ochs, 1953 including morphometric, chaetotaxic and bionomic information, and (2) to assess the usefulness of the gene COI to associate immatures and adults of Gyrinus. The studied specimens were collected in Roraima state, northern Brazil. The association of immature and adult stages was done either by rearing adults under laboratory conditions or by using DNA sequence data (COI). Eggs were described based on scanning electron microscopy; they are distinguished mainly by several features of chorion, micropyle and reticulation. Larvae of G. (N.) rozei can be distinguished from those of other Neotropical Gyrinidae by a combination of several characters, including the stipes with five robust hook-like additional setae on the dorsointernal margin, and the lacinia roughly hook-shaped. The pupa is similar to that of G. argentinus Steinhel, 1869, except for the number of setae on the body. The first record of the parasitoid wasp Melanosmicra sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) on a Gyrinus species is also provided. 

scholarly journals Society Islands beach bum black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) 

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4311 (3) ◽  
pp. 373
Author(s):  
DOUGLAS A. CRAIG ◽  
NEAL L. EVENHUIS
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Society Islands

Aspects of the body of work on the Central and Western Pacific black fly Simulium (Inseliellum) are briefly reviewed. Female adults collected from beaches in Tahiti and Raiatea are described as Simulium (Inseliellum) littopyga n. sp., Simulium (Inseliellum) littosocius n. sp. and Simulium (Inseliellum) littosodalis n. sp.. Immature stages of the three species are not associated. 

Butterflies of Australia

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F Braby
Keyword(s):  
Present State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Larval Food ◽  
Educational Publishing ◽  
Butterfly Fauna ◽  
History Of ◽  
Outstanding Work ◽  
Reference Section

This outstanding work is the ultimate guide for the identification of Australia’s butterflies. Nearly 400 species – all those currently recognised from Australia, plus those from surrounding islands – are represented, with all adults and some immature stages displayed in stunning colour sections. Introductory chapters cover the history of publications, classification, morphology, distribution, conservation and collection, together with a checklist of the butterfly fauna. The body of the text is arranged systematically, providing a wealth of information including description, variation, similar behaviour, distribution and habitat, and major literature references, giving a comprehensive summary of the present state of knowledge of these insects. Appendices provide details of those species recorded from Australian islands outside the Australian faunal subregion, those protected by legislation, the larval food plants, and the attendant ants. Extensive references, a glossary and an index of scientific and common names complete the work. Joint Winner of the 2001 Whitley Medal. Finalist Scholarly Reference section - The Australian Awards for Excellence in Educational Publishing 2001.

Defensive Strategies of a Noctuid Caterpillar in a Myrmecophytic Plant: are Dyops Larvae Immune to Azteca Ants?

Sociobiology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 397
Author(s):  
Renato Rogner Ramos ◽  
André Victor Lucci Freitas ◽  
Ronaldo Bastos Francini
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Free Space ◽  
The Body ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Anterior Portion ◽  
Leaf Curling ◽  
Defensive Strategies ◽  
Noctuid Moth ◽  
Oral Fluids ◽  
Enemy Free Space

Immature stages of insects are generally susceptive to their natural enemies, but many species developed defensive and evasive mechanisms to circumvent predation. Gregarious larvae of the noctuid moth Dyops cf. cuprescens feed on leaves of young Cecropia pachystachya shrubs colonized by Azteca ants. Ants avoid contact with larval clusters, retreating to the nest when larvae are moving near the stems. Provoked encounters revealed that Dyops caterpillars present several specialized behaviors to avoid and overcome ant attacks, such as fleeing to under leaf, jumping off the leaf, curling and wriggling vigorously the anterior portion of the body, spitting droplets of oral fluids, or killing ants by pouncing them. These mechanisms allow the caterpillars to overcome ant attacks and consume leaves of ant-colonized plants. By feeding on a heavily protected plant, larvae can enjoy not only a competitor-free plant, but possibly also the enemy-free space created by the aggressive ants.

Mortalities of the larvae of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex and detection of predators by the precipitin test

1973 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Service
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Complex Species ◽  
Precipitin Test ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae Giles ◽  
Time Specific

Larval populations of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex (species A and B) were sampled in Kenya, and from the frequencies of the age distribution of the immature stages time-specific life-tables were constructed. Daily survival rates and instar mortalities showed that there was high mortality amongst fourth-instar larvae, due at least in part to infections of larval nematodes, Coelomomyces and epibionts. Antiserum to the A. gambiae complex was prepared in rabbits so that the precipitin test could be employed to detect the presence of A. gambiae in gut smears taken from possible predators. By this serological technique various spiders, Diptera, Coleoptera and amphibia were identified as predators. These may be very important in regulating populations of A. gambiae even in small collections of water.

Ecological studies of ixodid ticks (Acari, Ixodidae) in Zambia. I. Cattle as hosts of the larvae of Amblyomma variegatum (F.) and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus neum.

1976 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
John MacLeod ◽  
M. H. Colbo
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus ◽  
Amblyomma Variegatum ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Alternative Hosts ◽  
Patch Sampling

AbstractThe roles of cattle and alternative hosts in maintaining the immature stages of Amblyomma variegatum (F.) and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neum. are unknown. Weekly collections of ticks from cattle in two herds in Zambia indicated an apparently higher nymph-adult ratio in the annual totals for A. variegatum than for R. appendiculatus. The larva-nymph ratios for these herds were estimated by a patch-sampling method in which all larvae and nymphs on 100 cm2 areas on the cheek, neck, dewlap, shoulder, ribs, abdomen and lower-foreleg were collected. The overall annual ratios of larvae to nymphs on the two herds were: A. variegatum 5:1 and 14:1, R. appendiculatus 1·5:1 in both herds. The ratios suggest that cattle themselves feed larvae of A. variegatum in sufficient numbers to maintain their nymphal infestation level. The numbers of cattle-fed larvae of R. appendiculatus may not be adequate for this, and alternative hosts may play an important part in maintaining the population at existing levels. There was negligible evidence of significant shift of distribution of the immature stages over the body with advancing season, and it is suggested that patch-sampling affords a method of quantitative comparison of the relative infestations by the immature stages of ticks.

Wheat cultivars affecting life history and digestive amylolytic activity of Sitotroga cerealella Olivier (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 464-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Borzoui ◽  
B. Naseri
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Soluble Starch ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Amylolytic Activity ◽  
Sitotroga Cerealella ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Angoumois Grain Moth

AbstractThe life history and digestive α-amylase activity of the Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella Olivier (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) were studied on six wheat cultivars (Arg, Bam, Nai 60, Pishtaz, Sepahan and Shanghai) at 25 ± 1°C, relative humidity of 65 ± 5% and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. A delay in the developmental time of S. cerealella immature stages was detected when larvae were fed on cultivar Sepahan. The maximum survival rate of immature stages was seen on cultivar Bam (93.33 ± 2.10%), and the minimum rates were on cultivars Nai 60 (54.66 ± 2.49%) and Sepahan (49.33 ± 4.52%). The highest realized fecundity and fertility were recorded for females which came from larvae fed on cultivar Bam (93.30 ± 2.10 eggs/female and 91.90 ± 3.10%, respectively); and the lowest ones were observed for females which came from larvae fed on cultivar Sepahan (49.30 ± 4.50 eggs/female and 67.4 ± 11.1%, respectively). The heaviest male and female weights of S. cerealella were observed on cultivar Bam (2.97 ± 0.02 and 4.80 ± 0.01 mg, respectively). The highest amylolytic activity of the fourth instar was detected on cultivar Bam (0.89 ± 0.04 mg maltose min−1), which had the maximum mean hundred-wheat weight (5.92 ± 0.19 g). One α-amylase isozyme was detected in the midgut extracts from the fourth instar larvae fed on different wheat cultivars, and the highest intensity was found in larvae fed on cultivar Bam. Correlation analyses showed that very high correlations existed between the immature period, fecundity and fertility on one side and inhibition of α-amylase, soluble starch content and hundred-wheat weight on the other. According to the obtained results, cultivar Sepahan is an unfavorable host for the feeding and development of S. cerealella.

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