TBE in Italy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Tagliapietra ◽  
Flavia Riccardo ◽  
Giovanni Rezza
Keyword(s):  
Case Series ◽  
East Part ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Low Incidence

Italy is considered a low incidence country for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Europe. Areas at higher risk for TBE in Italy are geographically clustered in the forested and mountainous regions and provinces in the north east part of the country, as suggested by TBE case series published over the last decade.

TBE in Italy

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
National Level ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Low Incidence

Italy is considered a low-incidence country for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Europe.1 Areas at higher risk for TBE in Italy are geographically clustered in the forested and mountainous regions and provinces in the north east part of the country, as suggested by TBE case series published over the last decade.2-5 A national enhanced surveillance system for TBE has been established since 2017.6 Before this, information on the occurrence of TBE cases at the national level in Italy was lacking. Both incidence rates and the geographical distribution of the disease were mostly inferred from endemic areas where surveillance was already in place, ad hoc studies and international literature.1

TBE in Italy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Tagliapietra ◽  
Flavia Riccardo ◽  
Martina Del Manso ◽  
Giovanni Rezza
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
National Level ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Low Incidence

Italy is considered a low-incidence country for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Europe.1 Areas at higher risk for TBE in Italy are geographically clustered in the forested and mountainous regions and provinces in the north east part of the country, as suggested by TBE case series published over the last decade.2-5 A national enhanced surveillance system for TBE has been established since 2017.6 Before this, information on the occurrence of TBE cases at the national level in Italy was lacking. Both incidence rates and the geographical distribution of the disease were mostly inferred from endemic areas where surveillance was already in place, ad hoc studies and international literature.

scholarly journals Tick-borne encephalitis in north-east Italy: a 14-year retrospective study, January 2000 to December 2013

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (40) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Rezza ◽  
Francesca Farchi ◽  
Patrizio Pezzotti ◽  
Maurizio Ruscio ◽  
Alessandra Lo Presti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Central Nervous System Involvement ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Friuli Venezia Giulia

Italy is considered at low incidence of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), and the occurrence of human cases of TBE appears to be geographically restricted to the north east of the country. However, most information to date derives from case series, with no systematic data collection. To estimate incidence rates (IR) and spatial distribution of TBE cases, we conducted a retrospective study in north-eastern Italy. Data were collected through the infectious disease units and public health districts of three regions (Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trentino Alto Adige and Veneto) between 2000 and 2013. Overall, 367 cases were identified (IR: 0.38/100,000). The cases’ median age was 56 years and 257 (70%) were male. Central nervous system involvement was reported in 307 cases (84%). Annual fluctuations in case numbers occurred, with peaks in 2006 and in 2013, when 44 and 42 cases were respectively observed. A strong seasonality effect was noted, with the highest number of cases in July. In terms of geographical location, three main endemic foci with high TBE IR (> 10/100,000) were identified in three provinces, namely Belluno (Veneto region), Udine (Friuli Venezia Giulia) and Trento (Trentino Alto-Adige). When investigating the whole study area in terms of altitude, the IR between 400 and 600 m was greater (2.41/100,000) than at other altitudes (p< 0.01). In conclusion, the incidence of TBE in Italy is relatively low, even considering only the three known affected regions. However, three endemic foci at high risk were identified. In these areas, where the risk of TBEV infection is likely high, more active offer of TBE vaccination could be considered.

SEJNEŃSKI OŚRODEK KOŚCIELNY (WYBRANE ZAGADNIENIA)

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-97
Author(s):  
Wojciech W Guzewicz
Keyword(s):  
East Part ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Registered Office

Sejny is situated in the north-east part of Poland, in the diocese Elk. Here among othersa parish is located near a sanctuary of NMP hitting and the registered office of the Sejny deanery.It is a city of the borderland, cultures and nations. Presenting landmarks in the life to thecongregation, describing the infrastructure and populations are a purpose of the article, as well asdiscussing the most important punished monuments of this earth.

scholarly journals PHENOLIC PROFILE OF HONEYDEW HONEYS FROM THE NORTH-EAST PART OF ROMANIA

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Mircea OROIAN ◽  
Sorina ROPCIUC ◽  
Amalia BUCULEI ◽  
Sergiu PADURET ◽  
Elena TODOSI
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Free Acidity ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Phenolic Profile ◽  
East Part ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Acidic Nature

The aim of this study is to determine the physicochemical (moisture content, pH, free acidity, electrical conductivity, colour (L*, a*, b*, chroma, hue angle), ash content, fructose and glucose content) and to determine the phenolic profile (quercetin, apigenin, myricetin, isorhamnetin, kaempherol, caffeic acid, chrysin, galangin, luteolin, p-coumaric acid, gallic acid and pinocembrin) of five samples of honeydew honeys from the North East part of Romania. The honey samples analysed respected the maximum allowable level of the moisture content, which is established by the European Union at 20%. The acidic nature of the honeydew is confirmed by the level of the pH and free acidity of the samples, and is influenced in principal by the organic acids; all the samples had a free acidity lower than 50 meq acid/kg. The honey colour is dark which is confirmed by the level of the CIE L*a*b* parameters (lower values of L*, a* and b*). The inverted sugar level (fructose and glucose content) is higher than 60 g/ 100g, respecting the European Union directive. The phenolic profile of the honeydew samples do not presented one compound that can be considered a chemical marker, the major polyphenols presented into the honeydew honeys are quercetin and pinocembrin.

scholarly journals Emergence of tick-borne encephalitis in new endemic areas in Austria: 42 years of surveillance

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
F X Heinz ◽  
K Stiasny ◽  
H Holzmann ◽  
M Kundi ◽  
W Sixl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Concern ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
The West ◽  
Federal States ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Socioeconomic Changes ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tbe Virus ◽  
Endemic Areas

Human infections with tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus are a public health concern in certain regions of Europe, central and eastern Asia. Expansions of endemic areas and increased incidences have been associated with different factors including ecological changes supporting tick reproduction, socioeconomic changes increasing human outdoor activities and climatic changes favouring virus circulation in natural foci. Austria is among the most strongly affected countries in Central Europe, but the annual number of cases has strongly declined due to vaccination. Here, we have analysed changes of the incidence of TBE in the unvaccinated population of all federal states of Austria over a period of 42 years. The overall incidence in Austria has remained constant, but new strongly affected endemic regions have emerged in alpine valleys in the west of Austria. In parallel, the incidence in low-land regions in the north-east of the country is decreasing. There is no evidence for a shift to higher altitudes of infection sites in the traditional TBE zones, but the average altitudes of some newly established endemic areas in the west are significantly higher. Our analyses underscore the focal nature of TBE endemic areas and the potential of TBE virus to emerge in previously unaffected regions.

Visual hallucinations in Gentington's disease: ophthalmic validation of ‘North-East Visual Hallucinations Interview

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
S. N. Svetozarsky ◽  
S. V. Kopishinskaya ◽  
M. A. Korotysh ◽  
I. A. Velichko ◽  
D. A. Smirnova
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Ii Error ◽  
Visual Hallucinations ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Small Group Size ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Adequate Method

Huntington's disease (HD) is a steadily progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by a mutation in the huntingtin gene, with progressive motor, cognitive and mental impairments.The aim of the study is to determine the validity of the North‑East Visual Hallucinations Interview (NEVHI) in a Russian sample of patients.Materials and methods. 78 subjects were examined: 26 patients at the manifest stage of HD, 21 pre‑manifest carriers of the HD gene and 31 volunteers of the control group.Results. The low incidence of visual hallucinations according to the NEVHI does not allow us to conclude about their specificity for HD. Failure to achieve the level of statistical significance in this case suggests a high risk of type II error associated with the low occurrence of the symptom and the relatively small group size.Conclusion. The study showed that the NEVHI questionnaire can serve as an adequate method for the diagnosis of visual hallucinations in HD.

IV.—Notes on the Petrography of Egypt

1908 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 500-509
Author(s):  
W. F. Hume
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Eastern Desert ◽  
Igneous Rocks ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
African Continent ◽  
East African ◽  
Nubian Sandstone ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
North East ◽  
The North

1. The ancient core of the North-East African Continent consists of the Cataract and Sudan banded gneisses, which may represent a very ancient igneous magma. They are usually much veined by granitic dykes.2. In certain places in the Arabian Desert, Cataracts, etc., these underlie highly metamorphosed schists (the mica-schists of Sikait, the calcareous schists of Um Garaiart and Haimar and of the Amara Cataracts, also the dolomites of the latter region) which are sharply separated from the banded gneisses and are possibly the oldest sedimentary representatives in Egypt.3. The greater part of the mountainous regions of the Eastern Desert and Sinai are occupied by two types of rocks, a schistose constituent overlying or being surrounded by the acid member. (a) The first-named, the Dokhan volcanic rocks and schists, are partly volcanic in origin and partly sedimentary, the former being represented by lavas of various types, while the latter are clearly altered sedimentary strata (grits, conglomerates, etc.). No fossils have yet been found, but they have their nearest lithological analogues in the latest pre-Cambrian and Cambrian series. Here are included some of the most interesting rocks of Egypt, such as the Imperial Porphyry and the Breccia Verde Antico. (b) The igneous member intruded into these ancient sediments, etc., includes a great diversity of igneous rocks, varying from highly basic to acid types.Contact-phenomena of complex nature occur at the junctions of (a) and (b).4. Red granite and dyke rocks, whose parallelism and extent of distribution present one of the most conspicuous features of the Eastern Desert of Egypt, mark the final eruptive action before Carboniferous times.5. Three periods of volcanic activity have been subsequently noted—(a) In Western Sinai in late Carboniferous times.(b) An undated series of eruptions interbedded with the base of the Nubian Sandstone or intrusive into it with marked contact alterations.(c) The basic intrusions near Cairo and the Fayum, etc., which are intimately associated with the Oligocena Continental Period in Egypt.

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