scholarly journals Tick-borne encephalitis in north-east Italy: a 14-year retrospective study, January 2000 to December 2013

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (40) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Rezza ◽  
Francesca Farchi ◽  
Patrizio Pezzotti ◽  
Maurizio Ruscio ◽  
Alessandra Lo Presti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Central Nervous System Involvement ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Friuli Venezia Giulia

Italy is considered at low incidence of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), and the occurrence of human cases of TBE appears to be geographically restricted to the north east of the country. However, most information to date derives from case series, with no systematic data collection. To estimate incidence rates (IR) and spatial distribution of TBE cases, we conducted a retrospective study in north-eastern Italy. Data were collected through the infectious disease units and public health districts of three regions (Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trentino Alto Adige and Veneto) between 2000 and 2013. Overall, 367 cases were identified (IR: 0.38/100,000). The cases’ median age was 56 years and 257 (70%) were male. Central nervous system involvement was reported in 307 cases (84%). Annual fluctuations in case numbers occurred, with peaks in 2006 and in 2013, when 44 and 42 cases were respectively observed. A strong seasonality effect was noted, with the highest number of cases in July. In terms of geographical location, three main endemic foci with high TBE IR (> 10/100,000) were identified in three provinces, namely Belluno (Veneto region), Udine (Friuli Venezia Giulia) and Trento (Trentino Alto-Adige). When investigating the whole study area in terms of altitude, the IR between 400 and 600 m was greater (2.41/100,000) than at other altitudes (p< 0.01). In conclusion, the incidence of TBE in Italy is relatively low, even considering only the three known affected regions. However, three endemic foci at high risk were identified. In these areas, where the risk of TBEV infection is likely high, more active offer of TBE vaccination could be considered.

TBE in Italy

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
National Level ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Low Incidence

Italy is considered a low-incidence country for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Europe.1 Areas at higher risk for TBE in Italy are geographically clustered in the forested and mountainous regions and provinces in the north east part of the country, as suggested by TBE case series published over the last decade.2-5 A national enhanced surveillance system for TBE has been established since 2017.6 Before this, information on the occurrence of TBE cases at the national level in Italy was lacking. Both incidence rates and the geographical distribution of the disease were mostly inferred from endemic areas where surveillance was already in place, ad hoc studies and international literature.1

TBE in Italy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Tagliapietra ◽  
Flavia Riccardo ◽  
Martina Del Manso ◽  
Giovanni Rezza
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
National Level ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Low Incidence

Italy is considered a low-incidence country for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Europe.1 Areas at higher risk for TBE in Italy are geographically clustered in the forested and mountainous regions and provinces in the north east part of the country, as suggested by TBE case series published over the last decade.2-5 A national enhanced surveillance system for TBE has been established since 2017.6 Before this, information on the occurrence of TBE cases at the national level in Italy was lacking. Both incidence rates and the geographical distribution of the disease were mostly inferred from endemic areas where surveillance was already in place, ad hoc studies and international literature.

TBE in Italy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Tagliapietra ◽  
Flavia Riccardo ◽  
Giovanni Rezza
Keyword(s):  
Case Series ◽  
East Part ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Low Incidence

Italy is considered a low incidence country for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Europe. Areas at higher risk for TBE in Italy are geographically clustered in the forested and mountainous regions and provinces in the north east part of the country, as suggested by TBE case series published over the last decade.

scholarly journals A survey of infectious mononucleosis in the North-East Regional Hospital Board area of Scotland, 1960–9

1970 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. L. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Mononucleosis ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Annual Incidence ◽  
True Incidence ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Hospital Board ◽  
General Community

SUMMARYThis report, based largely on 1258 laboratory proven cases of infectious mononucleosis (IM) detected in the North-Eastern Regional Board area of Scotland during the years 1960–9 inclusive, describes and discusses some of the epidemio-logical and diagnostic aspects of the disease.During the period of study, the annual rate of incidence increased fourfold from 11·1 to 44·3 cases per 100,000 population. Evidence is presented to indicate that this does not represent a true increase in prevalence but reflects improvements in disease detection. The annual incidence rates as reported by the C.D.S. for 1967–9 inclusive are regarded as a considerable underestimation of the ‘true’ incidence of the disease. Over a 3-year period an annual incidence equivalent to 100 per 100,000 population was found in each of two selected group practices. This value was constant and is thought to approximate the ‘ true’ incidence of symptomatic, seropositive IM in the general community.Of the 1258 seropositive cases, 48·7 % were males and 51·3 % females. The peak age incidence was 15–19 years for both sexes. Twenty-one per cent of the cases were in children under 15 years and only 8·1 % in adults older than 25 years. No significant variation was found in the seasonal or urban/rural incidence. Marked differences were found in the leucocyte patterns of seropositive and ‘seronegative’ cases.

scholarly journals Emergence of tick-borne encephalitis in new endemic areas in Austria: 42 years of surveillance

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
F X Heinz ◽  
K Stiasny ◽  
H Holzmann ◽  
M Kundi ◽  
W Sixl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Concern ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
The West ◽  
Federal States ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Socioeconomic Changes ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tbe Virus ◽  
Endemic Areas

Human infections with tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus are a public health concern in certain regions of Europe, central and eastern Asia. Expansions of endemic areas and increased incidences have been associated with different factors including ecological changes supporting tick reproduction, socioeconomic changes increasing human outdoor activities and climatic changes favouring virus circulation in natural foci. Austria is among the most strongly affected countries in Central Europe, but the annual number of cases has strongly declined due to vaccination. Here, we have analysed changes of the incidence of TBE in the unvaccinated population of all federal states of Austria over a period of 42 years. The overall incidence in Austria has remained constant, but new strongly affected endemic regions have emerged in alpine valleys in the west of Austria. In parallel, the incidence in low-land regions in the north-east of the country is decreasing. There is no evidence for a shift to higher altitudes of infection sites in the traditional TBE zones, but the average altitudes of some newly established endemic areas in the west are significantly higher. Our analyses underscore the focal nature of TBE endemic areas and the potential of TBE virus to emerge in previously unaffected regions.

scholarly journals Etiology, Clinical Presentation and Incidence of Infectious Meningitis and Encephalitis in Polish Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 2324
Author(s):  
Kacper Toczylowski ◽  
Ewa Bojkiewicz ◽  
Marta Barszcz ◽  
Marta Wozinska-Klepadlo ◽  
Paulina Potocka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Length Of Hospital Stay ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Central Nervous System Infections ◽  
Median Length ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Enteroviral Meningitis

Little is known about the causes and the frequency of meningitis and encephalitis in Poland. We did a retrospective single-center cohort study of children under 18 years old hospitalized with infectious meningitis or encephalitis. Incidence rates were calculated using collected data from patients from the North-East Poland only. A total of 374 children hospitalized between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2019 were included in the study. A total of 332 (89%) children had meningitis, and 42 (11%) had encephalitis. The etiology of the infection was established in 331 (89%) cases. Enteroviruses accounted for 224 (60%) of all patients. A total of 68 (18%) cases were tick-borne infections. Bacterial pathogens were detected in 26 (7%) children. The median length of hospital stay for children with enteroviral meningitis was 7 days (IQR 7–9), increasing to 11 days (8–13) in those treated with antibiotics. The incidence of meningitis was estimated to be 32.22 (95% CI, 25.33–40.98) per 100,000 and that of encephalitis to be 4.08 (95% CI, 2.07–8.02) per 100,000. By the broad use of molecular diagnostic methods, we managed to identify etiology of the infection in the majority of children. Our data suggest that thorough diagnostics of central nervous system infections are needed to rationalize treatment.

Visual hallucinations in Gentington's disease: ophthalmic validation of ‘North-East Visual Hallucinations Interview

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
S. N. Svetozarsky ◽  
S. V. Kopishinskaya ◽  
M. A. Korotysh ◽  
I. A. Velichko ◽  
D. A. Smirnova
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Ii Error ◽  
Visual Hallucinations ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Small Group Size ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Adequate Method

Huntington's disease (HD) is a steadily progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by a mutation in the huntingtin gene, with progressive motor, cognitive and mental impairments.The aim of the study is to determine the validity of the North‑East Visual Hallucinations Interview (NEVHI) in a Russian sample of patients.Materials and methods. 78 subjects were examined: 26 patients at the manifest stage of HD, 21 pre‑manifest carriers of the HD gene and 31 volunteers of the control group.Results. The low incidence of visual hallucinations according to the NEVHI does not allow us to conclude about their specificity for HD. Failure to achieve the level of statistical significance in this case suggests a high risk of type II error associated with the low occurrence of the symptom and the relatively small group size.Conclusion. The study showed that the NEVHI questionnaire can serve as an adequate method for the diagnosis of visual hallucinations in HD.

scholarly journals Stroke management during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: experience from three regions of the north east of Italy (Veneto, Friuli-Venezia-Giulia, Trentino-Alto-Adige)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Manganotti ◽  
Marcello Naccarato ◽  
Ilario Scali ◽  
Manuel Cappellari ◽  
Bruno Bonetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Admission Rate ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Stroke Units ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Friuli Venezia Giulia

Abstract Background Efficiency of care chain response and hospital reactivity were and are challenged for stroke acute care management during the pandemic period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in North-Eastern Italy (Veneto, Friuli-Venezia-Giulia, Trentino-Alto-Adige), counting 7,193,880 inhabitants (ISTAT), with consequences in acute treatment for patients with ischemic stroke. Methods We conducted a retrospective data collection of patients admitted to stroke units eventually treated with thrombolysis and thrombectomy, ranging from January to May 2020 from the beginning to the end of the main first pandemic period of COVID-19 in Italy. The primary endpoint was the number of patients arriving to these stroke units, and secondary endpoints were the number of thrombolysis and/or thrombectomy. Chi-square analysis was used on all patients; furthermore, patients were divided into two cohorts (pre-lockdown and lockdown periods) and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to test differences on admission and reperfusive therapies. Results In total, 2536 patients were included in 22 centers. There was a significant decrease of admissions in April compared to January. Furthermore, we observed a significant decrease of thrombectomy during the lockdown period, while thrombolysis rate was unaffected in the same interval across all centers. Conclusions Our study confirmed a decrease in admission rate of stroke patients in a large area of northern Italy during the lockdown period, especially during the first dramatic phase. Overall, there was no decrease in thrombolysis rate, confirming an effect of emergency care system for stroke patients. Instead, the significant decrease in thrombectomy rate during lockdown addresses some considerations of local and regional stroke networks during COVID-19 pandemic evolution.

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