Vaccine Production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Porter
Keyword(s):  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Animal Cell ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Vaccine Production ◽  
Expression Systems ◽  
Subunit Vaccines ◽  
Gene Vectors ◽  
Viral Vaccines ◽  
Chicken Eggs ◽  
Embryonated Chicken

Introduction Vaccines are biological products that elicit a protective immune response. The details of the manufacturing processes are varied depending on the particular characteristics of the vaccine. There are classically, three basic types of vaccines against viral and bacterial pathogens (For mRNA-, DNA- and vector-vaccines see Chapters 7, 8, 9): Live-attenuated. Killed (non-live). Subunit. “Classical” Vaccine Production The basic classical process includes 5 phases: expression, harvest, inactivation, purification, formulation. The expression systems for viral and bacterial vaccines are distinct. Bacterial expression is performed in fermenters. Viral vaccines are produced in animal cell culture or embryonated chicken eggs. Processes for whole viral or bacterial vaccines often involve only limited processing after expression. Subunit vaccines routinely require the most purification to separate the product from other contaminants. Challenges Challenges for bacterial vaccines include testing to ensure the safety and efficacy of the product. Inactivation procedures need to be carefully controlled. Live attenuated vaccines need to be tested to ensure the vaccine strains are still safe and effective. Viral vaccines require testing to ensure foreign infectious agents are not introduced during processing. Both cultured cells and egg present risks for infection. Live viral vaccines and gene vectors need to be carefully engineered and tested to minimize safety concerns. Highly variable vaccine targets such as influenza need to be re-adapted to current circulating strains.

scholarly journals NS1′ protein expression facilitates production of Japanese encephalitis virus in avian cells and embryonated chicken eggs

2014 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuki Takamatsu ◽  
Kenta Okamoto ◽  
Duc Tuan Dinh ◽  
Fuxun Yu ◽  
Daisuke Hayasaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Expression ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Ns1 Protein ◽  
Structural Protein ◽  
Chicken Eggs ◽  
Embryonated Chicken

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), which belongs to the genus Flavivirus of the family Flaviviridae, is a leading cause of meningo-encephalitis in Asian countries. The flavivirus non-structural protein 1 (NS1) plays a role in virus replication and in the elicitation of an immune response. The NS1′ protein found among the members of the JEV subgroup is an extended form of NS1 and is generated by a −1 ribosomal frameshift. This protein is known to be involved in viral pathogenicity; however, its specific function is still unknown. Here, we describe an investigation of the molecular function of NS1′ protein through the production of JEV NS1′-expressing and -non-expressing clones and their infection of avian and mammalian cells. Efficient NS1′ protein expression was observed in avian cells and was found to facilitate JEV production in both avian cultured cells and embryonated chicken eggs. NS1′ protein was observed to co-localize with NS5 protein and resulted in increased viral RNA levels in avian cells. These findings clearly indicate that NS1′ enhances the production of JEV in avian cells and may facilitate the amplification/maintenance role of birds in the virus transmission cycle in nature.

scholarly journals Genetic and phenotypic analysis of the pathogenic potential of two novel Chlamydia gallinacea strains compared to Chlamydia psittaci

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marloes Heijne ◽  
Martina Jelocnik ◽  
Alexander Umanets ◽  
Michael S. M. Brouwer ◽  
Annemieke Dinkla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Chlamydia Psittaci ◽  
Phenotypic Analysis ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
The Family ◽  
Chicken Eggs ◽  
Sequence Types ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Embryonated Chicken

AbstractChlamydia gallinacea is an obligate intracellular bacterium that has recently been added to the family of Chlamydiaceae. C. gallinacea is genetically diverse, widespread in poultry and a suspected cause of pneumonia in slaughterhouse workers. In poultry, C. gallinacea infections appear asymptomatic, but studies about the pathogenic potential are limited. In this study two novel sequence types of C. gallinacea were isolated from apparently healthy chickens. Both isolates (NL_G47 and NL_F725) were closely related to each other and have at least 99.5% DNA sequence identity to C. gallinacea Type strain 08-1274/3. To gain further insight into the pathogenic potential, infection experiments in embryonated chicken eggs and comparative genomics with Chlamydia psittaci were performed. C. psittaci is a ubiquitous zoonotic pathogen of birds and mammals, and infection in poultry can result in severe systemic illness. In experiments with embryonated chicken eggs, C. gallinacea induced mortality was observed, potentially strain dependent, but lower compared to C. psittaci induced mortality. Comparative analyses confirmed all currently available C. gallinacea genomes possess the hallmark genes coding for known and potential virulence factors as found in C. psittaci albeit to a reduced number of orthologues or paralogs. The presence of potential virulence factors and the observed mortality in embryonated eggs indicates C. gallinacea should rather be considered as an opportunistic pathogen than an innocuous commensal.

scholarly journals Simplified Method for Efficient Intravascular Inoculation of Chicken Embryos

1976 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-105
Author(s):  
C. L. Kelling ◽  
I. A. Schipper
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Trauma ◽  
Chicken Embryos ◽  
Simplified Method ◽  
Chicken Eggs ◽  
Embryonated Chicken ◽  
Embryonic Death

The simple syringe-stabilizer unit described in this note provides a means for rapid intravascular inoculation of embryonated chicken eggs with minimal embryonic death from vascular trauma.

scholarly journals Plant expression systems for production of hemagglutinin as a vaccine against influenza virus.

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrycja Redkiewicz ◽  
Agnieszka Sirko ◽  
Katarzyna Anna Kamel ◽  
Anna Góra-Sochacka
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Expression Systems ◽  
Lethal Challenge ◽  
Subunit Vaccines ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Major Surface

Many examples of a successful application of plant-based expression systems for production of biologically active recombinant proteins exist in the literature. These systems can function as inexpensive platforms for the large scale production of recombinant pharmaceuticals or subunit vaccines. Hemagglutinin (HA) is a major surface antigen of the influenza virus, thus it is in the centre of interests of various subunit vaccine engineering programs. Large scale production of recombinant HA in traditional expression systems, such as mammalian or insect cells, besides other limitations, is expensive and time-consuming. These difficulties stimulate an ever-increasing interest in plant-based production of this recombinant protein. Over the last few years many successful cases of HA production in plants, using both transient and stable expression systems have been reported. Various forms of recombinant HA, including monomers, trimers, virus like particles (VLPs) or chimeric proteins containing its fusion with other polypeptides were obtained and shown to maintain a proper antigenicity. Immunizations of animals (mice, ferrets, rabbits or chickens) with some of these plant-derived hemagglutinin variants were performed, and their effectiveness in induction of immunological response and protection against lethal challenge with influenza virus demonstrated. Plant-produced recombinant subunit vaccines and plant-made VLPs were successfully tested in clinical trials (Phase I and II) that confirmed their tolerance and immunogenicity.

Animal Cell Expression Systems

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Butler ◽  
U. Reichl
Keyword(s):  
Animal Cell ◽  
Expression Systems ◽  
Cell Expression
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