Vaccines for Travelers

When counselling travellers about the need, benefits and risks of travel vaccines, the following factors must be considered: o Environmental factors, e.g., destination, duration of exposure (including expected cumulative life-time exposure), epidemiological situation, travel style (low budget associated with higher risk), travel purpose (visiting friends or relatives [VFR] - often results in higher risk) o Host factors include e.g. age, origin (potential exposure at home vs. at destination, is there an incremental risk?), pre-existing illness, particularly immune suppression (e.g. HIV, medication), pregnancy, nursing A structured discussion about required, routine and recommended vaccinations is beneficial o Required by destination country: yellow fever (special rules based on the International Health Regulations), meningococcal disease (Hajj), COVID-19 o Routine: usual childhood / adolescence / adult / senior citizen vaccinations. Programs differ between countries. Some proof of vaccination may be required for schools mainly in North America. o Recommended: depending on exposure to risk (incidence rate, also incremental risk compared to home country), impact of infection, cost of vaccines, etc. Essentials when protecting travellers against vaccine preventable diseases: o Set correct priorities; base decisions on epidemiological evidence; consider contraindications o Always state that  No vaccine is 100% effective;  All vaccines may have adverse reactions, rarely serious ones.

Vaccines for Travelers

10.33442/vt202163 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Robert Steffen

Keyword(s):

Adverse Reactions ◽

Home Country ◽

Senior Citizen ◽

International Health ◽

Life Time ◽

Epidemiological Evidence ◽

Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽

Special Rules ◽

Travel Vaccines ◽

When counselling travelers about the need, benefits and risks of travel vaccines, the following factors must be considered: Environmental factors, e.g., destination, duration of exposure (including expected cumulative life-time exposure), epidemiological situation, travel style (low budget associated with higher risk), travel purpose (visiting friends or relatives [VFR] - often results in higher risk) Host factors include e.g. age, origin (potential exposure at home vs. at destination, is there an incremental risk?), pre-existing illness, particularly immune suppression (e.g. HIV, medication), pregnancy, nursing A structured discussion about required, routine and recommended vaccinations is beneficial Required by destination country: yellow fever (special rules based on the International Health Regulations), meningococcal disease (Hajj), COVID-19 Routine: usual childhood / adolescence / adult / senior citizen vaccinations. Programs differ between countries. Some proof of vaccination may be required for schools mainly in North America. Recommended: depending on exposure to risk (incidence rate, also incremental risk compared to home country), impact of infection, cost of vaccines, etc. Essentials when protecting travelers against vaccine preventable diseases: Set correct priorities; base decisions on epidemiological evidence; consider contraindications Always state that No vaccine is 100% effective; All vaccines may have adverse reactions, rarely serious ones.

Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Global Health: International Health Regulations and World Health Organization

Nihon Kikan Shokudoka Gakkai Kaiho ◽

10.2468/jbes.67.362 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 67 (5) ◽

pp. 362-369

Author(s):

Kohtaroh Tanaka

Keyword(s):

Global Health ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

World Health Organization ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

International Health ◽

World Health ◽

Health Organization ◽

And Control ◽

Organization of restrictive quarantine measures to prevent especially dangerous infections

Spravočnik vrača obŝej praktiki (Journal of Family Medicine) ◽

10.33920/med-10-2005-01 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 6-11

Author(s):

Petr Ilyin

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

International Health ◽

World Health ◽

The World ◽

History Of ◽

Entire History ◽

Health Organization ◽

Former Ussr ◽

Especially dangerous infections (EDIs) belong to the conditionally labelled group of infectious diseases that pose an exceptional epidemic threat. They are highly contagious, rapidly spreading and capable of affecting wide sections of the population in the shortest possible time, they are characterized by the severity of clinical symptoms and high mortality rates. At the present stage, the term "especially dangerous infections" is used only in the territory of the countries of the former USSR, all over the world this concept is defined as "infectious diseases that pose an extreme threat to public health on an international scale." Over the entire history of human development, more people have died as a result of epidemics and pandemics than in all wars combined. The list of especially dangerous infections and measures to prevent their spread were fixed in the International Health Regulations (IHR), adopted at the 22nd session of the WHO's World Health Assembly on July 26, 1969. In 1970, at the 23rd session of the WHO's Assembly, typhus and relapsing fever were excluded from the list of quarantine infections. As amended in 1981, the list included only three diseases represented by plague, cholera and anthrax. However, now annual additions of new infections endemic to different parts of the earth to this list take place. To date, the World Health Organization (WHO) has already included more than 100 diseases in the list of especially dangerous infections.

Synergising International Public Health Law and International Disaster Law

European Journal of Risk Regulation ◽

10.1017/err.2020.101 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Pratik DIXIT

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

International Health ◽

Health Law ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Public Health Law ◽

Health Crisis ◽

Response Strategies ◽

Public Health Crisis ◽

International Public Health ◽

There is no time more opportune to review the workings of the International Health Regulations (IHR) than the present COVID-19 crisis. This article analyses the theoretical and practical aspects of international public health law (IPHL), particularly the IHR, to argue that it is woefully unprepared to protect human rights in times of a global public health crisis. To rectify this, the article argues that the IHR should design effective risk reduction and response strategies by incorporating concepts from international disaster law (IDL). Along similar lines, this article suggests that IDL also has a lot to learn from IPHL in terms of greater internationalisation and institutionalisation. Institutionalisation of IDL on par with IPHL will provide it with greater legitimacy, transparency and accountability. This article argues that greater cross-pollination of ideas between IDL and IPHL is necessary in order to make these disciplines more relevant for the future.

From International Sanitary Conventions to Global Health Security: The New International Health Regulations

Chinese Journal of International Law ◽

10.1093/chinesejil/jmi029 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 325-392 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

David P. Fidler

Keyword(s):

Global Health ◽

International Health ◽

Global Health Security ◽

Health Security ◽

The Centre for Studies and Research in International Law and International Relations ◽

3 - The Historical Emergence of International Health Regulations

10.1163/1875-8096_pplcdu_a9789004508316_03 ◽

2022 ◽

Keyword(s):

International Health ◽

European Web-Based Platform for Recording International Health Regulations Ship Sanitation Certificates: Results and Perspectives

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph15091833 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (9) ◽

pp. 1833

Author(s):

Varvara Mouchtouri ◽

Diederik Van Reusel ◽

Nikolaos Bitsolas ◽

Antonis Katsioulis ◽

Raf Van den Bogaert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Information System ◽

Data Exchange ◽

International Health ◽

Water Quality Monitoring ◽

Control Measures ◽

World Health ◽

Lower Probability ◽

Eu Member States ◽

The purpose of this study was to report the data analysis results from the International Health Regulations (2005) Ship Sanitation Certificates (SSCs), recorded in the European Information System (EIS). International sea trade and population movements by ships can contribute to the global spread of diseases. SSCs are issued to ensure the implementation of control measures if a public health risk exists on board. EIS designed according to the World Health Organization (WHO) “Handbook for Inspection of Ships and Issuance of SSC”. Inspection data were recorded and SSCs issued by inspectors working at European ports were analysed. From July 2011–February 2017, 107 inspectors working at 54 ports in 11 countries inspected 5579 ships. Of these, there were 29 types under 85 flags (including 19 EU Member States flags). As per IHR (2005) 10,281 Ship Sanitation Control Exception Certificates (SSCECs) and 296 Ship Sanitation Control Certificates (SSCCs) were issued, 74 extensions to existing SSCs were given, 7565 inspection findings were recorded, and 47 inspections were recorded without issuing an SSC. The most frequent inspection findings were the lack of potable water quality monitoring reports (23%). Ships aged ≥12 years (odds ratio, OR = 1.77, 95% confidence intervals, CI = 1.37–2.29) with an absence of cargo at time of inspection (OR = 3.36, 95% CI = 2.51–4.50) had a higher probability of receiving an SSCC, while ships under the EU MS flag had a lower probability of having inspection findings (OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.66–0.79). Risk factors to prioritise the inspections according to IHR were identified by using the EIS. A global information system, or connection of national or regional information systems and data exchange, could help to better implement SSCs using common standards and procedures.