Cortisol Awakening Response and Nighttime Salivary Cortisol Levels in Healthy Working Korean Subjects

Abstract Salivary cortisol has a well-documented circadian pattern in older adults. Yet, the pattern of salivary cortisol in persons living with dementia (PLWD) due to circadian rhythm disturbances is unknown. This study examined diurnal salivary cortisol patterns in 176 PLWD (mean age 73.6±8.8, 33.3% male, clinical dementia rating >=0.5) by collecting saliva at waking (AM1), 30 minutes after waking (AM2) and bedtime (PM) over two consecutive days. Cortisol awakening response (CAR) was calculated as the change between AM2 and AM1 cortisol levels. The mean baseline salivary cortisol levels (ug/dl) were 0.35 (SD:0.3) at AM1, 0.40 (SD:0.39) at AM2, and 0.19 (SD:0.4) at PM. On average, cortisol levels decreased from morning to evening, with 58% exhibiting a positive CAR (mean 0.05; SD:0.34). There were no significant associations between cortisol levels with age, sex, obesity, and comorbidities. The findings demonstrated that diurnal cortisol rhythms are maintained in PLWD with a flattened CAR.

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Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training Versus Small-Sided Games Training on Sleep and Salivary Cortisol Level

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2019-0498 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (9) ◽

pp. 1237-1244

Author(s):

Matteo Bonato ◽

Antonio La Torre ◽

Marina Saresella ◽

Ivana Marventano ◽

Giampiero Merati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Sleep Latency ◽

Interval Training ◽

Sleep Time ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Cortisol Awakening Response ◽

High Intensity Interval Training ◽

Fragmentation Index ◽

Cortisol Levels ◽

High Intensity Interval

Purpose: The authors compared sleep quality and salivary cortisol concentration after high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and small-sided games (SSGs) performed at the habitual training time in nonprofessional male soccer players. Methods: A total of 32 players (age = 24 [6] y, height = 1.77 [0.06] m, and body mass = 75 [12] kg) were randomized into an HIIT group or an SSG group. Actual sleep time, sleep efficiency (SE), sleep latency, immobility time (IT), moving time (MT), and fragmentation index were monitored using actigraphy before (PRE) and 2 nights after (POST 1 and POST 2) the training session. Salivary cortisol levels were measured before (PRE) and after (POST) training. Cortisol awakening response was evaluated. Results: Significant intragroup differences in the HIIT group were noted for actual sleep time (P < .0001), SE (P < .0001), sleep latency (P = .047), IT (P < .0001), MT (P < .0001), and fragmentation index (P < .0001) between PRE and POST 1 and for SE (P = .035), IT (P = .004), MT (P = .006), and fragmentation index (P = .048) between PRE and POST 2. Intergroup differences for actual sleep time (P = .014), SE (P = .048), IT (P < .0001), and MT (P = .046) were observed between the HIIT and the SSGs group at POST 1 were detected. Significant intragroup variations were observed in PRE and POST salivary cortisol levels (P < .0001 for HIIT; P = .0003 for SSGs) and cortisol awakening response (P < .0001 for HIIT; P < .0001 for SSGs). Significant intergroup differences between the HIIT and the SSGs group were found at POST (P < .0001) and in cortisol awakening response (P = .017). Conclusions: Changes in actigraphy-based sleep parameters and salivary cortisol levels were greater after an acute session of HIIT than SSGs in this sample of nonprofessional male soccer players.

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The Cortisol Awakening Response in Anxiety Disorders and Personality Disorders and Changes in Salivary Cortisol Level After Psychotherapy

10.26226/morressier.588f064cd462b8028d892047 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Edyta Dembinska

Keyword(s):

Anxiety Disorders ◽

Personality Disorders ◽

Cortisol Level ◽

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Cortisol Awakening Response ◽

Salivary Cortisol Level

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Salivary cortisol as a non-invasive approach to assess stress in dystocic dairy calves

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-85666-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Levente Kovács ◽

Fruzsina Luca Kézér ◽

Szilárd Bodó ◽

Ferenc Ruff ◽

Rupert Palme ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Body Condition ◽

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Sampling Period ◽

Dairy Calves ◽

Birth Process ◽

Invasive Approach ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Saliva Cortisol ◽

Cortisol Levels

AbstractThe intensity and the magnitude of saliva cortisol responses were investigated during the first 48 h following birth in newborn dairy calves which underwent normal (eutocic, EUT, n = 88) and difficult (dystocic, DYS, n = 70) calvings. The effects of parity and body condition of the dam, the duration of parturition, the time spent licking the calf, the sex and birth weight of the calf were also analyzed. Neonatal salivary cortisol concentrations were influenced neither by factors related to the dam (parity, body condition) nor the calf (sex, birth weight). The duration of parturition and the time spent licking the calf also had no effect on salivary cortisol levels. Salivary cortisol concentrations increased rapidly after delivery in both groups to reach their peak levels at 45 and 60 min after delivery in EUT and DYS calves, respectively supporting that the birth process means considerable stress for calves and the immediate postnatal period also appears to be stressful for newborn calves. DYS calves exhibited higher salivary cortisol concentrations compared to EUT ones for 0 (P = 0.022), 15 (P = 0.016), 30 (P = 0.007), 45 (P = 0.003), 60 (P = 0.001) and 120 min (P = 0.001), and for 24 h (P = 0.040), respectively. Peak levels of salivary cortisol and the cortisol release into saliva calculated as AUC were higher in DYS than in EUT calves for the 48-h of the sampling period (P = 0.009 and P = 0.003, respectively). The greater magnitude of saliva cortisol levels in DYS calves compared to EUT ones suggest that difficult parturition means severe stress for bovine neonates and salivary cortisol could be an opportunity for non-invasive assessment of stress during the early neonatal period in cattle.

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The influence of comorbid depression and overweight status on peripheral inflammation and cortisol levels

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291721000088 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Anna P. McLaughlin ◽

Naghmeh Nikkheslat ◽

Caitlin Hastings ◽

Maria A. Nettis ◽

Melisa Kose ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Cortisol Awakening Response ◽

Peripheral Inflammation ◽

Comorbid Depression ◽

Diurnal Cortisol ◽

Overweight Status ◽

Multivariable Logistic Regression ◽

Cortisol Levels

Abstract Background Depression and overweight are each associated with abnormal immune system activation. We sought to disentangle the extent to which depressive symptoms and overweight status contributed to increased inflammation and abnormal cortisol levels. Methods Participants were recruited through the Wellcome Trust NIMA Consortium. The sample of 216 participants consisted of 69 overweight patients with depression; 35 overweight controls; 55 normal-weight patients with depression and 57 normal-weight controls. Peripheral inflammation was measured as high-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP) in serum. Salivary cortisol was collected at multiple points throughout the day to measure cortisol awakening response and diurnal cortisol levels. Results Overweight patients with depression had significantly higher hsCRP compared with overweight controls (p = 0.042), normal-weight depressed patients (p < 0.001) and normal-weight controls (p < 0.001), after controlling for age and gender. Multivariable logistic regression showed that comorbid depression and overweight significantly increased the risk of clinically elevated hsCRP levels ⩾3 mg/L (OR 2.44, 1.28–3.94). In a separate multivariable logistic regression model, overweight status contributed most to the risk of having hsCRP levels ⩾3 mg/L (OR 1.52, 0.7–2.41), while depression also contributed a significant risk (OR 1.09, 0.27–2). There were no significant differences between groups in cortisol awakening response and diurnal cortisol levels. Conclusion Comorbid depression and overweight status are associated with increased hsCRP, and the coexistence of these conditions amplified the risk of clinically elevated hsCRP levels. Overweight status contributed most to the risk of clinically elevated hsCRP levels, but depression also contributed to a significant risk. We observed no differences in cortisol levels between groups.

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Diurnal Salivary Cortisol in Sarcopenic Postmenopausal Women: The OsteoLaus Cohort

Calcified Tissue International ◽

10.1007/s00223-021-00863-y ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Elena Gonzalez Rodriguez ◽

Pedro Marques-Vidal ◽

Bérengère Aubry-Rozier ◽

Georgios Papadakis ◽

Martin Preisig ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Population Based ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Body Composition Assessment ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

X Ray ◽

Free Cortisol ◽

Cortisol Levels ◽

The Relationship

AbstractSarcopenia, similar to hypercortisolism, is characterized by loss of muscle mass and strength. Cortisol circadian rhythm changes with aging (blunted late-day nadir values) were suggested to contribute to this decline. We aimed to explore the relationship between diurnal salivary cortisol values and sarcopenia diagnosis and its components in postmenopausal women. This is a cross-sectional study within the OsteoLaus population-based cohort in Lausanne (Switzerland). Participants had a body composition assessment by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), a grip strength (GS) measure, and salivary cortisol measures (at awakening, 30 min thereafter, 11 AM (sc-11AM) and 8 PM (sc-8PM)). Associations between salivary cortisol and sarcopenia diagnosed by six different criteria (based on appendicular lean mass (ALM) assessed by DXA, and muscle strength by GS), and its components, were analyzed. 471 women aged > 50 years (63.0 ± 7.5) were included. Various definitions identified different participants as sarcopenic, who consistently presented higher salivary cortisol at 11 AM and/or 8 PM. There were no associations between salivary cortisol levels and ALM measures, either absolute or after correction to height squared (ALM index) or body mass index. GS was inversely correlated to sc-11AM (r = − 0.153, p < 0.001) and sc-8PM (r = − 0.118, p = 0.002). Each 10 nmol/l increase of sc-11AM, respectively sc-8PM, was associated with a GS decrease of 1.758 (SE 0.472) kg, respectively 2.929 (SE 1.115) kg. In postmenopausal women, sarcopenia is associated with higher salivary cortisol levels at 11 AM and 8 PM. An increase of daily free cortisol levels in the physiological range could participate to sarcopenia development by decreasing muscle function in postmenopausal women.

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Commentary on salivary cortisol levels as a biomarker for severity of withdrawal in opioid-exposed newborns

Pediatric Research ◽

10.1038/s41390-020-0817-6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 87 (6) ◽

pp. 982-983

Author(s):

Dina E. El-Metwally

Keyword(s):

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Cortisol Levels

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Adverse childhood experiences, daytime salivary cortisol, and depressive symptoms in early adulthood: a longitudinal genetically informed twin study

Translational Psychiatry ◽

10.1038/s41398-021-01538-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Eleonora Iob ◽

Jessie R. Baldwin ◽

Robert Plomin ◽

Andrew Steptoe

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Hpa Axis ◽

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Early Adulthood ◽

Cumulative Exposure ◽

Childhood Experiences ◽

Adverse Childhood ◽

Cortisol Levels

AbstractDysregulated hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA)-axis function might underlie the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and depression. However, limited research has examined the possible mediating role of the HPA-axis among young people using longitudinal data. Moreover, it remains unclear whether genetic influences could contribute to these associations. Participants were 290 children from the Twins Early Development Study. ACEs were assessed from age 3–11 years. We calculated a cumulative risk score and also derived different ACEs clusters using factor analysis and latent class analysis. HPA-axis activity was indexed by daytime salivary cortisol at age 11. Depressive symptoms were ascertained at age 21. Genetic liability to altered cortisol levels and elevated depressive symptoms was measured using a twin-based method. We performed causal mediation analysis with mixed-effects regression models. The results showed that ACEs cumulative exposure (b = −0.20, p = 0.03), bullying (b = −0.61, p = 0.01), and emotional abuse (b = −0.84, p = 0.02) were associated with lower cortisol levels at age 11. Among participants exposed to multiple ACEs, lower cortisol was related to higher depressive symptoms at age 21 (b = −0.56, p = 0.05). Lower cortisol levels mediated around 10–20% of the total associations of ACEs cumulative exposure, bullying, and dysfunctional parenting/emotional abuse with higher depressive symptoms. Genetic factors contributed to these associations, but the mediation effects of cortisol in the associations of ACEs cumulative exposure (b = 0.16 [0.02–0.34]) and bullying (b = 0.18 [0.01–0.43]) remained when genetic confounding was accounted for. In conclusion, ACEs were linked to elevated depressive symptoms in early adulthood partly through lower cortisol levels in early adolescence, and these relationships were independent of genetic confounding.

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