Iodine, Thyroglobulin and Thyroid Gland

Iodine is essential in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones that affect metabolic processes in the organism from the prenatal state to the elderly. The immediate indicator of iodine intake is the concentration of iodine in urine, but the indicator of iodine intake in the longer term of several months is thyroglobulin (Tg). Tg negatively correlated with increasing intake of iodine in population that do not suffer from thyroid disease, while a more than adequate to excessive iodine intake leads to an increase in Tg. The dependence of Tg on iodine can be described by a U-shaped curve. Thyroglobulin in serum is elevated in thyroid disease mainly in hyperthyroidism (diagnosis E05 of WHO ICD-10 codes) and in goiter (diagnosis E04 of WHO ICD-10 codes). Tg values decrease below 20 µg/l after effective treatment of patients with thyroid disease. Thyroglobulin may thus be an indicator of thyroid stabilization and the success of the thyroid gland treatment.

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Iodine and thyroid gland with or without nuclear catastrophe

Medicinski pregled ◽

10.2298/mpns1212489t ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 65 (11-12) ◽

pp. 489-495 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ljiljana Todorovic-Djilas ◽

Ivana Bajkin ◽

Tijana Icin ◽

Jovanka Novakovic-Paro ◽

Branka Kovacev-Zavisic

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Gland ◽

Thyroid Hormones ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Iodine Intake ◽

World Health ◽

Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽

Excessive Iodine ◽

The World ◽

Excessive Iodine Intake ◽

Nuclear Catastrophe

Introduction. Iodine, as a trace element, is a necessary and limiting substrate for thyroid gland hormone synthesis. It is an essential element that enables the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Synthesis of Thyroid Hormones and Iodine Metabolism. Three iodine molecules are added to make triiodothyronine, and four for thyroxine - the two key hormones produced by the thyroid gland. Iodine deficiency. The proper daily amount of iodine is required for optimal thyroid function. Iodine deficiency can cause hypothyroidism, developmental brain disorders and goiter. Iodine deficiency is the single most common cause of preventable mental retardation and brain damage in the world. It also decreases child survival, causes goiters, and impairs growth and development. Iodine deficiency disorders in pregnant women cause miscarriages, stillbirths, and other complications. Children with iodine deficiency disorders can grow up stunted, apathetic, mentally retarded, and incapable of normal movements, speech or hearing. Excessive Iodine Intake. Excessive iodine intake, which can trigger autoimmune thyroid disease and dysfunction, is on the other side. Iodine use in Case of Nuclear Catastrophe. In addition to other severe consequences of radioactivity, high amount of radioactive iodine causes significant increase in incidence of thyroid gland carcinoma after some of the nuclear catastrophes (Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Chernobyl, Fukushima). The incidence of thyroid carcinoma was increased mostly in children. This paper was aimed at clarifying some of the possibilities of prevention according to the recommendations given by the World Health Organization.

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Knowledge and awareness of iodine intake - survey among Croatian women of reproductive age

Biochemia Medica ◽

10.11613/bm.2020.010705 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 104-109

Author(s):

Valentina Vidranski ◽

Anita Radman ◽

Katarina Kajić ◽

Ana Bronić

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Disease ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Decisive Role ◽

Iodine Intake ◽

Further Education ◽

The Body ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Women Of Reproductive Age ◽

Excessive Iodine ◽

Excessive Iodine Intake

Introduction: Appropriate iodine intake is important for the entire population, especially in fertile women due to decisive role of thyroid hormones in normal foetal brain development. The aim of this study was to investigate knowledge on iodine role among Croatian women of reproductive age. Materials and methods: The survey was conducted among 378 women of reproductive age during May-September 2018. Data on age, education level, salt intake habits, knowledge of the iodine role and possible presence of thyroid disease were collected and results were presented as numbers or percentage of total number of participants. Comparison between groups was performed by Chi square test. Results: Of 378 participants, 178 reported to be familiar with the iodine role in the body (P = 0.115). Significantly higher proportion of the younger woman and woman with lower degree of education weren’t familiar with the iodine role (P < 0.001). More woman were introduced to consequences of insufficient than to excessive iodine intake (273 vs 213; P < 0.001). In addition, participants mainly weren’t familiar with obligation of salt iodination (P < 0.001). Presence of thyroid disease was recorded in 75 subjects with higher prevalence in subjects 36-49 years (P < 0.001). Presence of thyroid disease was not associated with knowledge on iodine role on health. Conclusion: Women of reproductive age are not completely aware of the consequences of excessive iodine intake. Thus, further education focusing on more sensitive groups such as woman of younger age should be considered in order to preserve their and their children’s health.

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Influence of excessive iodine intake on the thyroid function and spectrum of thyroid abnormalities in population of Turinsk, Sverdlovsk Region, of Russia

Clinical and experimental thyroidology ◽

10.14341/ket2015143-49 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 43 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Aleksey Vasil'evich Kiyaev ◽

Nadezhda Mikhailovna Platonova ◽

Fatima Magomedovna Abdulhabirova ◽

Ekaterina Anatolyevna Troshina ◽

Grigoriy Anatol'evich Gerasimov

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Function ◽

Iodine Intake ◽

Excessive Iodine ◽

Thyroid Abnormalities ◽

Excessive Iodine Intake

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Excessive Iodine Intake and Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Children and Adolescents Aged 6–19 Years: Results of the Sixth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013–2015

Thyroid ◽

10.1089/thy.2017.0507 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (6) ◽

pp. 773-779 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Min Jae Kang ◽

Il Tae Hwang ◽

Hye Rim Chung

Keyword(s):

Children And Adolescents ◽

National Health ◽

Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽

Iodine Intake ◽

Nutrition Examination Survey ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Excessive Iodine ◽

Excessive Iodine Intake

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#5 Excessive iodine intake during late pregnancy

Reproductive Toxicology ◽

10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.05.016 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 88 ◽

pp. 134-135 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Maria Ellfolk ◽

Maija-Riitta Orden ◽

Ulla Sankilampi ◽

Heli Malm

Keyword(s):

Late Pregnancy ◽

Iodine Intake ◽

Excessive Iodine ◽

Excessive Iodine Intake

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Chronic iodine excess does not increase the incidence of hyperthyroidism: a prospective community-based epidemiological survey in China

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje-06-0651 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 156 (4) ◽

pp. 403-408 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Fan Yang ◽

Zhongyan Shan ◽

Xiaochun Teng ◽

Yushu Li ◽

Haixia Guan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodine Intake ◽

Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽

Thyroid Peroxidase ◽

Community Based ◽

Iodine Excess ◽

Iodine Supplementation ◽

Excessive Iodine ◽

Iodine Excretion ◽

Excessive Iodine Intake

Objective: An increasing incidence of hyperthyroidism has been observed when iodine supplementation has been introduced to an iodine-deficient population. Moreover, the influence of chronic more than adequate or excessive iodine intake on the epidemiological features of hyperthyroidism has not been widely and thoroughly described. To investigate the influences of different iodine intake levels on the incidence of hyperthyroidism, we conducted a prospective community-based survey in three communities with mild-deficient, more than adequate (previously mild deficient iodine intake), and excessive iodine intake. Subjects and methods: In three rural Chinese communities, a total of 3761 unselected inhabitants aged above 13 years participated in the original investigation and 3018 of them received identical examinations after 5 years. Thyroid function, levels of thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), thyroglobulin antibody and urinary iodine excretion were measured and thyroid ultrasound examination was also performed. Results: In three communities, median urinary iodine excretion was 88, 214, and 634 μg/l (P<0.05) respectively. The cumulative incidence of hyperthyroidism was 1.4, 0.9, and 0.8% (P>0.05) respectively. Autoimmune hyperthyroidism was predominant in thyroid hyperfunction in all the three cohorts. Either positive TPOAb (>50 U/ml) or goiter in original healthy participants was associated with the occurrence of unsuspected hyperthyroidism in 5 years (logistic regression, OR=4.2 (95% CI 1.7–8.8) for positive TPOAb, OR=3.1 (95% CI 1.4–6.8) for goiter). Conclusion: Iodine supplementation may not induce an increase in hyperthyroidism in a previously mildly iodine-deficient population. Chronic iodine excess does not apparently increase the risk of autoimmune hyperthyroidism, suggesting that excessive iodine intake may not be an environmental factor involved in the occurrence of autoimmune hyperthyroidism.

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