scholarly journals TRACE ELEMENT PROBLEMS IN THE WAIRARAPA

1969 ◽  
pp. 60-64
Author(s):  
A.R. Mcivor
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Major Elements

THE PURPOSE of this paper is to outline briefly the problems involving trace elements and to locate broadly the areas concerned within the district. Several major elements will also be discussed.

Geochemical patterns in Norwegian greenstones

1982 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Gale ◽  
J. A. Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Tectonic Setting ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Island Arc ◽  
Ocean Floor ◽  
Spreading Axis ◽  
Southern Norway ◽  
Representative Samples

Representative samples of Caledonian greenstones from the Grong, Joma, Løkken, Støren, Stavenes, and Bømlo areas in central and southern Norway have been analysed for major elements and over 20 trace elements. Ocean-floor tholeiite-normalized trace-element patterns and chondrite-normalized rare-earth patterns both provide clues to the genesis, original tectonic setting, petrologic character, and effects of alteration of these greenstones. We conclude that the Støren, Stavenes, and Løkken greenstones were generated at spreading axes within the Caledonian ocean, the Grong and possibly the Bømlo submarine greenstones were erupted in an island-arc system, and the Joma and Bømlo subaerial greenstones were erupted in a within-plate setting. The Løkken greenstones may have been generated in a marginal basin, whereas those from Støren and Stavenes were probably generated at a rapidly spreading axis in a major ocean.

scholarly journals Major elements as possible factors of trace element urban pedochemical anomalies

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rimantė Zinkutė ◽  
Ričardas Taraškevičius ◽  
Tomas Želvys
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe relationship between real total contents of the major elements Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, Fe and the trace elements Ag, As, B, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, V, U, Zn in topsoil from the central part of Vilnius is analysed. The amounts of most elements were determined by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence, while amounts of Ag, B, Co were measured by optical atomic emission spectrophotometry. Two factors were distinguished according to major elements: anthropogenic (A) including Ca, Mg, Fe, P, S and clayey (C) including K, Al, Ti. Boron, Mn, Cr and U are significantly correlated with members of both factors, Sb with none of them and other trace elements either with all (Cu, Zn, Pb, Se, Ba, Ni, Co) or with separate (V, Ag, Sn, Mo, As) members of the A-factor. Only B, Mn, Cr, U (partly their additive index Z1) are influenced by the C-factor, while twelve other trace elements (also their additive index Z2) are influenced by the A-factor. The additive index Z of all 17 elements is also affected by the A-factor. Four groups of sites have been distinguished according to normal or higher contents of both factors. The majority of trace element anomalies are related to the sites affected by the A-factor.

scholarly journals A Disequilibrium Reactive Transport Model for Mantle Magmatism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beñat Oliveira ◽  
Juan Carlos Afonso ◽  
Romain Tilhac
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Chemical Evolution ◽  
Reactive Transport ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Phase Changes ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Mid Ocean Ridge ◽  
Ocean Ridge

Abstract Besides standard thermo-mechanical conservation laws, a general description of mantle magmatism requires the simultaneous consideration of phase changes (e.g. from solid to liquid), chemical reactions (i.e. exchange of chemical components) and multiple dynamic phases (e.g. liquid percolating through a deforming matrix). Typically, these processes evolve at different rates, over multiple spatial scales and exhibit complex feedback loops and disequilibrium features. Partially as a result of these complexities, integrated descriptions of the thermal, mechanical and chemical evolution of mantle magmatism have been challenging for numerical models. Here we present a conceptual and numerical model that provides a versatile platform to study the dynamics and nonlinear feedbacks inherent in mantle magmatism and to make quantitative comparisons between petrological and geochemical datasets. Our model is based on the combination of three main modules: (1) a Two-Phase, Multi-Component, Reactive Transport module that describes how liquids and solids evolve in space and time; (2) a melting formalism, called Dynamic Disequilibirum Melting, based on thermodynamic grounds and capable of describing the chemical exchange of major elements between phases in disequilibrium; (3) a grain-scale model for diffusion-controlled trace-element mass transfer. We illustrate some of the benefits of the model by analyzing both major and trace elements during mantle magmatism in a mid-ocean ridge-like context. We systematically explore the effects of mantle potential temperature, upwelling velocity, degree of equilibrium and hetererogeneous sources on the compositional variability of melts and residual peridotites. Our model not only reproduces the main thermo-chemical features of decompression melting but also predicts counter-intuitive differentiation trends as a consequence of phase changes and transport occurring in disequilibrium. These include a negative correlation between Na2O and FeO in melts generated at the same Tp and the continued increase of the melt’s CaO/Al2O3 after Cpx exhaustion. Our model results also emphasize the role of disequilibrium arising from diffusion for the interpretation of trace-element signatures. The latter is shown to be able to reconcile the major- and trace-element compositions of abyssal peridotites with field evidence indicating extensive reaction between peridotites and melts. The combination of chemical disequilibrium of major elements and sluggish diffusion of trace elements may also result in weakened middle rare earth to heavy rare earth depletion comparable with the effect of residual garnet in mid-ocean ridge basalt, despite its absence in the modelled melts source. We also find that the crystallization of basalts ascending in disequilibrium through the asthenospheric mantle could be responsible for the formation of olivine gabbros and wehrlites that are observed in the deep sections of ophiolites. The presented framework is general and readily extendable to accommodate additional processes of geological relevance (e.g. melting in the presence of volatiles and/or of complex heterogeneous sources, refertilization of the lithospheric mantle, magma channelization and shallow processes) and the implementation of other geochemical and isotopic proxies. Here we illustrate the effect of heterogeneous sources on the thermo-mechanical-chemical evolution of melts and residues using a mixed peridotite–pyroxenite source.

An evaluation of major element heterogeneity in the mantle sources of basalts

1980 ◽  
Vol 297 (1431) ◽  
pp. 383-407 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Major Element ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Element Abundances ◽  
Ocean Island ◽  
Basaltic Rocks ◽  
The North ◽  
Mantle Sources ◽  
Incompatible Trace Elements

Understanding the evolution of the mantle requires a knowledge of the relative variations of the major elements, trace elements and isotopes in the mantle. Most of the evidence for mantle heterogeneity is based on variations in the trace element and isotopic ratios of basaltic rocks. These ratios are presumed to reflect variations in the mantle sources. To compare major element heterogeneities with trace element and isotopic heterogeneities, it is necessary that the major element abundances in basalts also reflect variations in the mantle sources. Probably the only major element for which this is so is iron. If a basalt has only undergone fractional crystallization of olivine, then the abundance of FeO in the basalt reflects the FeO/MgO ratio of the mantle source, the degree of melting, and the pressure at which melting occurs. Relative pressures and degrees of melting can often be constrained, so that variations in the abundances of FeO can be used to obtain information about variations in the FeO/MgO ratio of the mantle sources of basalts. Comparison of FeO contents with trace element and isotopic contents of basalts shows some striking correlations and leads to the following conclusions. 1. Parental magmas for Kilauean basalts from Hawaii may be related by different degrees of melting of a homogeneous, garnet-bearing source. 2. Mid-ocean ridge basalts from the North Atlantic show a negative correlation of La/Sm with FeO, suggesting that the sources that are most enriched in incompatible trace elements are most depleted in FeO relative to MgO, and are probably also depleted in the other components of basalt. This correlation does not apply to the entire suboceanic mantle. 3. A comparison of tholeiites from near the Azores and from Hawaii shows that sources with similar Nd and Sr isotope ratios may have undergone distinctly different histories in the development of their major and trace element abundances. 4. Ocean island tholeiites tend to be more enriched in FeO than ocean floor tholeiites. Either the ocean island sources have greater FeO/MgO ratios, or melting begins at significantly greater pressures beneath ocean islands than beneath ocean ridges. 5. Major element variations in the mantle are controlled mainly by tectonics and the addition or removal of silicate melts. Trace element variations, however, may be controlled by the addition or removal of fluids as well. Thus major elements, trace elements and isotopes may each give a different perspective important to the understanding of the evolution of the mantle.

Growth, replacement and element diffusion in metamorphic garnet revealed by trace element mapping 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Rubatto ◽  
Lanari Pierre ◽  
Marcel Burger ◽  
Bodo Hattendorf ◽  
Gunnar Schwarz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Element Distribution ◽  
Garnet Growth ◽  
Trace Element Distribution ◽  
Rock Interaction ◽  
Growth Zoning ◽  
Element Mapping

<p>Garnet is one of the most robust and ubiquitous minerals that record element zoning during crustal metamorphism. In addition to major element distribution, zoning in trace elements can provide a wealth of information to document the changing conditions of garnet growth and modification. Trace element distribution in garnet grains was mapped in 2D in thin section with laser ablation inductively coupled plasma time of flight mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-TOFMS) and conventional LA-ICP-MS to achieve a lateral resolution of 15-5 µm and limits of detection for the heavy rare earth elements (REE) down to 0.2 µg/g (Rubatto et al. 2020).</p><p>In granulite-facies garnet, major elements show diffusional resetting, whereas trace elements still largely document the growth history. Enrichment of trace elements in the garnet mantle is attributed to the consumption of biotite (V, Cr) and the dissolution of zircon (Zr) and monazite (Y+REE) in the coexisting melt. Lu is notably enriched in the garnet mantle with implications for geochronology. The gradual zoning of Y+HREE between mantle and core is reconcilable with diffusion over ~200 µm in 10 My at temperatures of 750–800°C</p><p>In amphibolite facies garnet, Y+REE trace element zoning closely matches the growth zoning in Ca with no notable diffusive modification. Y+REE zoning is dominated by Rayleigh fractionation in the core and in the outer zones it shows annuli that mark the sporadic breakdown of accessory phases.</p><p>Garnet in eclogite facies samples that underwent fluid-rock interaction show growth zoning in major and trace elements, with local oscillations and sectors. In certain samples, the overall distribution of REE can be reconciled with diffusion-limited uptake. Where garnet displays fluid-related veinlets, visible in major elements, that cross-cut the primary growth zoning, the regular Y+REE and Cr growth zoning is not affected by the veinlets. This indicates that the veinlets did not form by a crack-seal mechanism but are rather related to a selective replacement process.</p><p> </p><p><strong>References </strong></p><p>Rubatto D, Burger M, Lanari P, Hattendorf B, Schwarz G, Neff C, Keresztes Schmidt P, Hermann J, Vho A, Günther D (2020) Identification of growth mechanisms in metamorphic garnet by high-resolution trace element mapping with LA-ICP-TOFMS. Contrib Mineral Petrol 175:61 doi.org/10.1007/s00410-020-01700-5</p>

scholarly journals Using X-Ray Fluoresces Analysis to Assess Level of Major and Trace Elements in Cultivated Vegetables at Baghdad City

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 84-87
Author(s):  
Mahdi M. Mutter
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Major And Trace Elements ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
X Ray

The aim of this study was determine the current levels of major and a trace element in vegetables was grown in Baghdad city, two region check in this study (Al-Taji, north of Baghdad and Al-Rashid south of Baghdad). Qualitative X-ray fluorescence analysis was used as technique for analysis of samples. Six different samples of plant are selected to study, which was tubers, leafy and fruiting. Samples checking was Lettuce, Bean, Apples, Potato, Cabbage and pear. Elements analysis as major elements were (Ca, K and Mn) and trace elements were (Fe, Cu, Pb, Sr and Zn). Results showed that concentrations of elements are in relative agree with the concentrations in neighbor countries and the standards of IAEU.

Methylmercury and Trace Element Distribution in the Organs of Stenella coeruleoalba Dolphins Stranded on the French Mediterranean Coast

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Wafo ◽  
Véronique Risoul ◽  
Thérèse Schembri ◽  
Véronique Lagadec ◽  
Frank Dhermain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Element Distribution ◽  
Mediterranean Coast ◽  
Trace Element Distribution ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Stenella Coeruleoalba ◽  
Contamination Levels

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the contamination by mercury (Hg), methylmercury (Me-Hg), cadmium (Cd), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) in dolphins stranded on the French Mediterranean coast. The distributions of these contaminants in the organs of dolphins have also been studied. Overall, contamination levels varied according to the following sequence: liver > kidney > lung > muscle, except for cadmium (kidney > liver > lung > muscle). Size and sex of animals were also considered. Young dolphins were less impacted with trace elements than adults, except for copper. Among the studied parameters, the most important appeared to be the size of mammals. In addition, in the case of mercury and selenium, the sex of mammals seemed to be also relevant. The correlations between the concentrations of trace elements suggest the existence of detoxification processes. Since 1990s, using dolphins for tracing marine pollution, a slight reduction in the burden of the considered trace elements could be noted.

scholarly journals Spatial distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of some trace elements in sediments and grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) along the Arabian Gulf coast, Saudi Arabia

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-96
Author(s):  
Hameed Alsamadany ◽  
Hassan S. Al-Zahrani ◽  
El-Metwally M. Selim ◽  
Mohsen M. El-Sherbiny
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Arabian Gulf ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Potential Ecological Risk ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Grey Mangrove

AbstractTo assess trace element concentrations (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd and Ni) in the mangrove swamps along the Saudi coast of the Arabian Gulf, thirteen samples of surface sediment and leaves of grey mangrove, Avicennia marina were collected and analyzed. The detected trace element contents (μg g-1) in surface sediments were in the following descending order according to their mean values; Cr (49.18) > Zn (48.48) > Cu (43.06) > Pb (26.61) > Ni (22.88) > Cd (3.21). The results showed that the average concentrations of Cd and Pb exceeded their world average concentration of shale. The geo-accumulation, potential ecological risk and toxicity response indices demonstrated that trace elements have posed a considerable ecological risk, especially Cd. The inter-relationships between physico-chemical characters and trace elements suggests that grained particles of mud represent a noteworthy character in the distribution of trace elements compared to organic materials. Moreover, the results revealed that Zn was clearly bioaccumulated in leaf tissues A. marina. Dredging, landfilling, sewage effluents and oil pollution can be the paramount sources of pollution in the area under investigation.

scholarly journals Vitamin Analysis, Trace Elements Content, and Their Extractabilities in Tetrapleura tetraptera

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Prince Oteng ◽  
John K. Otchere ◽  
Stephen Adusei ◽  
Richard Q. Mensah ◽  
Emmanuel Tei-Mensah
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Trace Element Content ◽  
Beta Carotene ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tetrapleura Tetraptera ◽  
Vitamin Analysis

Tetrapleura tetraptera is widely cherished in African traditional homes because of its alleged therapeutic and nutritional properties. This present study aimed at determining the levels of vitamin A, C, E, and beta-carotene and trace element (Fe, Cu, Mn, Co, Se, and Zn) concentrations and their extractabilities in the pulp, seeds, and whole fruit (mixture of pulp and seeds) of T. tetraptera. The total trace element concentration of Fe, Cu, Co, Mn, and Zn and their extractabilities (%) were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS), whereas UV-VIS spectrophotometer was used to determine selenium concentration. The trace element content (mg/kg) based on dry weight in the pulp, seeds, and whole fruit was Fe (162.00 ± 7.14, 115.00 ± 12.00, and 154.00 ± 25.20, respectively), Zn (31.60 ± 4.77, 43.40 ± 5.29, and 41.50 ± 8.97, respectively), Cu (16.10 ± 4.98, 11.90 ± 8.40, and 17.20 ± 14.50, respectively), Mn (55.30 ± 2.41, 156.00 ± 10.20, and 122.00 ± 5.29, respectively), Co (38.10 ± 6.40, 21.10 ± 7.15, and 44.00 ± 14.90, respectively), and Se (1.49 ± 0.17, 2.43 ± 0.28, and 2.97 ± 0.27 μg/g, respectively). The mineral extractabilities (%) in the pulp, seeds, and whole fruit of T. tetraptera were established to be in the order Co > Zn > Fe > Cu > Se > Mn. Also, the chromatographic method (HPLC) was used to evaluate vitamin E concentration, and vitamin C and concentration of beta-carotene were calculated from the obtained concentration of vitamin A using a conversion factor by the titrimetric method. From the results of vitamin analysis, a significant difference (p<0.05) was observed among the pulp, seeds, and whole fruit for vitamin C and E. However, no significant difference (p>0.05) was perceived among these plant parts for vitamin A and beta-carotene. This study has therefore revealed that the pulp, seeds, and whole fruit of T. tetraptera contain varying concentrations of vitamins and trace elements and has given many vital insights on which part of T. tetraptera to consume, as concentrations of these nutrients differ in the discrete parts of the fruit.

scholarly journals Comparative Genomics of Trace Element Dependence in Biology

2011 ◽  
Vol 286 (27) ◽  
pp. 23623-23629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Vadim N. Gladyshev
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Comparative Genomics ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Protein Families ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Zinc Protein

Biological trace elements are needed in small quantities but are used by all living organisms. A growing list of trace element-dependent proteins and trace element utilization pathways highlights the importance of these elements for life. In this minireview, we focus on recent advances in comparative genomics of trace elements and explore the evolutionary dynamics of the dependence of user proteins on these elements. Many zinc protein families evolved representatives that lack this metal, whereas selenocysteine in proteins is dynamically exchanged with cysteine. Several other elements, such as molybdenum and nickel, have a limited number of user protein families, but they are strictly dependent on these metals. Comparative genomics of trace elements provides a foundation for investigating the fundamental properties, functions, and evolutionary dynamics of trace element dependence in biology.

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