scholarly journals Strategies to maximise establishment and production of oversown caucasian clover

1998 ◽  
pp. 111-114
Author(s):  
W.L. Lowther ◽  
Heather N. Pryor ◽  
K.D. Trainor
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Trifolium Ambiguum ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Tussock Grassland ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Fertiliser Application

Caucasian clover (Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb.) is an alternative legume for areas where white clover (T. repens L.) growth is limited. However, slow establishment has been a problem when caucasian clover has been oversown. Results from two tussock grassland sites have demonstrated the importance of the initial establishment of caucasian clover. Caucasian clover dry matter production after 6 years was still related to original seedling establishment. This result was obtained in ungrazed swards, conditions likely to maximise the ability of caucasian clover to spread by rhizomes and natural reseeding. The results indicate that caucasian clover may make little contribution to legume yield in these environments for at least 6 years unless satisfactory numbers of plants are established initially. Maintenance fertiliser application, in early years at least, appears similar to that required by white clover. Yields of caucasian clover swards in the 6th year when maintenance fertiliser had been applied were 3-7 times those when fertiliser had been applied only at sowing. The paper also provides possible explanations for establishment failures that have already occurred, and provides information on correct management techniques to maximise establishment of oversown caucasian clover. Keywords: caucasian clover, establishment, fertiliser, hill country, inoculation, nodulation, oversowing, pasture, Trifolium ambiguum

Comparative growth of white clover sown into pots of soil from old pastures and adjacent roadsides

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1083 ◽  
Author(s):  
AA McGowan
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Allelopathic Effect ◽  
Roadside Soils ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Different Levels

It is often claimed that improved pastures grow better in the early years after initial establishment than after many years of fertilization and grazing. A pot experiment was conducted to compare the dry matter production of white clover and perennial ryegrass when sown into soil from old established pastures and into soil taken from adjacent roadsides which had not previously been cultivated, fertilized, sown or grazed. On 8 out of 10 sites, white clover growth was consistently poorer when sown into the paddock soil than into the roadside soil. The average growth on paddock soil from these 8 sites was only 61% that of growth on the roadside soils. With perennial ryegrass there was no similar depression; in fact, the overall average growth of grass on the paddock soils was 121% that on the roadside soils. The explanation for this difference in growth of clover on the two soil types was apparently not due to any difference in the N status of the clover plants, as at no harvest was this difference significantly reduced when N fertilizer was regularly applied to the clover. The economic importance of these findings depends on confirmation of the results in the field. Possible, but untested, explanations may lie in different levels of soil-borne pests and diseases, or a residual allelopathic effect of improved pasture species on the growth of clover on the old pasture soil.

scholarly journals PERFORMANCE OF CAUCASIAN AND ZIGZAG CLOVERS

1987 ◽  
pp. 151-156
Author(s):  
G.T. Daly ◽  
C.R. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Trifolium Ambiguum ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Matter Production

Production of two rhizomatous clovers, Caucasian clover (Trifolium ambiguum) and zigzag clover (T. medium), was assessed under a number of fertility regimes. Caucasian clover annual dry matter production was of 12 t/ha for cv. Treeline on a fertile lowland soil, 8.5 t/ha for cv. Prairie on a moderately fertile hill country soil and 2.5 t/ha for cv. Prairie on a low fertility high country soil. For a 30 year old stand of zigzag clover on a moderately fertile high country soil estimated DM yields ranged from 2 t/ha under low fertiliser applications to 10 t/ha under high fertiliser rates. The stand gave a 3.2 t DM/ha response to the addition of 50 kg/ha sulphur alone. Both clovers are very persistent and appear to remain productive for several years in the absence of fertiliser applications

A comparison of silages made from red clover/grass, white clover/grass and high nitrogen grass swards for beef production

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Stewart ◽  
I. I. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Grass Sward

ABSTRACTSilage cut twice annually (June and August) from a tetraploid red clover/grass sward and three times annually (May, July and September) from a low nitrogen (N) and high N perennial ryegrass/white clover sward was fed in proportion to dry-matter yield from each cut, over a 10-week period, each winter for 3 years to castrated male cattle of initial live weight 401 kg in year 1 and 425 kg in years 2 and 3. The silages were supplemented with 0, 1, 2 and 3 kg concentrate per head daily.Total dry-matter yield from the red clover/grass sward was similar to that from the perennial ryegrass/white clover sward (high N grass) receiving 360 kg N per ha but the digestibility, particularly of first cut material was much lower. Dry-matter production of the low N grass/white clover sward was 0·73 of high N grass sward and produced silages of similar digestibility and fermentation.Dry-matter intakes by the cattle were higher on the legume-based silages in years when clover made a worthwhile contribution to total yield, but this did not significantly improve utilization or animal performance compared with high N grass silage. Mean daily carcass gain per head on red clover/grass silage was 0·41 kg which was significantly less than the 0·61 kg on white clover/grass silage and 0·59 on high N grass (P < 0·001). Carcass output from red clover/grass silage was 618 kg/ha and 629 kg/ha from white clover/grass, both of which were significantly less than the 863 kg/ha from the high N grass silage (P < 0·001). Dressing proportion was also significantly poorer in animals fed red clover/grass silage compared with the other silage types.

Effects of irrigation frequency and transient waterlogging on the production of a perennial ryegrass - white clover pasture

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Dunbabin ◽  
I. H. Hume ◽  
M. E. Ireson
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Absolute Increase ◽  
Irrigation Interval ◽  
Matter Production

Summary. Perennial ryegrass–white clover swards were irrigated for 3 years every 50, 80 and 120 mm of crop evapotranspiration minus rainfall (ETc–R) and water ponded on the soil surface for either 4, 12 or 24 h at each irrigation. Pasture production and clover content were highly seasonal, peaking in spring and autumn. Frequent irrigation increased dry matter production by an average of 56%. When irrigating at 50 mm ETc–R, dry matter production was decreased by ponding water on plots, 17% for 12 h ponding and 14% if ponded for 24 h. However, when irrigating at an interval of 80 mm ETc–R ponding increased dry matter production by 7% for 12 h ponding and by 25% for 24 h ponding. Ponding also increased production at an irrigation interval of 120 mm ETc–R by 25% for 12 h ponding but only by 2.4% for 24 h ponding. While these increases in dry matter production are large in relative terms the absolute increase in production is small. More water infiltrated per irrigation at longer irrigation intervals, and at longer ponding times. Frequently irrigated, rapidly drained swards used irrigation water most efficiently. The small gain in dry matter production achieved by prolonging ponding at longer irrigation intervals is an inefficient use of water and likely to recharge regional groundwater systems. Oxygen diffusion rate measurements suggested that ponding for as short as 4 h was likely to cause waterlogging stresses and that these stresses were higher when irrigating frequently. The relative increase in waterlogging stress by extending the period of ponding from 4 to 24 h was small.

scholarly journals The effects of lime on pasture composition and production in western Waikato hill country

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Boom ◽  
Mike Dodd
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Feed Quality ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Clover Content

A 4-year lime rate trial was established on a hill country sheep and cattle property near Te Akau to determine lime effects on pasture utilisation. Four rates of lime were applied (1.25 t/ha, 2.5 t/ha, 5 t/ha and 10 t/ha) to 2 m × 2 m plots, from which soil Al, Ca and pH, pasture grazing heights, dry matter production, pasture species composition, feed quality and brix levels were measured. Lime application reduced soil Al (14.6 to 1.1 mg/kg), and increased Ca and pH (5.0 to 6.2) over time in the highest application rate. Dry matter production responded to all rates of lime in each year, and by the fourth year it was 27% greater (1.25 t/ha treatment), 35% greater (2.5 t/ha treatment), 69% greater (5 t/ha treatment), and 97% greater (10 t/ha treatment) than in the un-limed plots. Ryegrass and subterranean clover content increased with lime rate, whereas chewings fescue and dicot weed content declined. There were no sustained differences in pasture grazing heights, feed quality or brix levels between the control and rates of lime. On this site, all rates of lime were economic to apply by truck or plane when the benefits were spread over 4 years, with the greatest cost-benefit from thelower rates of lime.

scholarly journals OVERSOWING WHITE CLOVER INTO CLEARED AND UNIMPROVED NORTH ISLAND HILL COUNTRY - THE ROLE OF MANAGEMENT, FERTILISER, INOCULATION, PELLETING AND RESIDENT RHIZOBIA.

1986 ◽  
pp. 43-51
Author(s):  
M.J. Macfarlane ◽  
P.M. Bonish
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Inoculant Strain ◽  
Water Rate ◽  
Fertiliser Application ◽  
Steep Slopes ◽  
Suppression Effects

The roles of inoculation, pelleting and fertiliser were examined when white clover was oversown into recently cleared North Island hill country with a low resident white clover rhizobia population. Inoculation aided establishment at some sites. Recovery of inoculant strain from plants and soil was generally low, initial nodulation by the inoculant strain being replaced by expanding resident rhizobial populations. Pelleting was necessary to ensure inoculant survival on seed and inoculant establishment. Fertiliser application at oversowing consistently increased seedling and later plant size. Grazing managements (pre and post-oversowing), treading and chemical sward suppression effects were assessed on paddock scale oversowings of white clover into unimproved hill pastures. Pre-oversowing grazing to 900 kg DM/ha or less, and frequent post-oversowing grazings, were necessary to control competition from the resident sward. The use of paraquat: diquat at a low rate was required to maximise establishment. Reducing the water rate with herbicide from 200 to 60 litres/ha maintained high establishment on steep slopes and attained 80% of potential on easy slopes. Additional treading was a practical method of increasing establishment. Keywords: White clover, Trifolium repens, oversowing, establishment, rhizobia, competition, fertiliser, inoculation, pelleting, paraquat, diquat, treading, hill country.

scholarly journals Caucasian clover/ryegrass produced more legume than white clover/ryegrass pastures in a grazed comparison

2000 ◽  
pp. 69-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.D. Black ◽  
K.M. Pollock ◽  
R.J. Lucas ◽  
J.M. Amyes ◽  
D.B. Pownall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
P Values ◽  
Trifolium Ambiguum ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
Grazing Experiment ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Clover Pasture

The potential of caucasian clover to improve the legume content of lowland New Zealand pastures should result in enhanced animal performance. Liveweight gains from eight flocks of ewe lambs rotationally grazing irrigated ryegrass pasture with caucasian or white clover at two levels of soil fertility (Olsen P values 10 or 22) were compared during years 2 (1998/1999) and 3 (1999/2000) of an ongoing grazing experiment in a lowland environment. Clovers were sown in December 1996 and ryegrass in March 1997 into the pure clover swards. Lamb liveweight gains were similar in year 2 (1130 kg/ha/yr), but in year 3, gains were greater on pastures sown with caucasian than on those sown with white clover (1290 vs. 1110 kg/ ha/yr). Spring liveweight gains per head per day averaged 170 g/hd/d in year 2, and in year 3 were greater from caucasian than white clover pasture (180 vs. 160 g/hd/d). Caucasian clover pastures had more legume on offer than pastures sown with white clover in year 2 (26% vs. 17%) and year 3 (19% vs. 12%). In year 3, 39% of the total legume on offer in caucasian clover pastures was volunteer white clover. Soil fertility had little influence on results. Early years of this grazing experiment showed that caucasian clover can establish as well as white clover if sown alone, and that sowing caucasian clover can result in lowland pastures with an increased total legume content which may improve liveweight gains. Keywords: legume content, Lolium perenne, pasture production, sheep liveweight gain, Trifolium ambiguum, T. repens

scholarly journals LOTUS, WHITE CLOVER AND CAUCASION CLOVER OVERSOWING, MESOPOTAMIA STATION, SOUTH CANTERBURY

1981 ◽  
pp. 142-151
Author(s):  
R.J. Lucas ◽  
J.G.H. White ◽  
G.T. Daly ◽  
P. Jarvis ◽  
G. Meijer
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Grazing Land ◽  
Weed Invasion ◽  
Rhizome Growth ◽  
Tussock Grassland ◽  
Lotus Pedunculatus ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Grassland Site

Results from a legume oversowing and phosphorus topdressing experiment are reported. The depleted tussock grassland site at 700 m altitude with 1000 mm rainfall, soil pH of 5.25 and low available P plus Hieracium weed invasion was typical of much South Island montane grazing land. 'Grasslands Maku' lotus (Lotus pedunculatus Cav.) and 'Grasslands Huia' white clover (Trilolium repens L.) established rapidly and yields in the second year were similar but lotus gave higher yields subsequently. White clover had lower P% in leaf dry matter and higher scarab populations than lotus. Trijolium umbiguum cv. Prairie establishment was sparse and yields were low at first but after five years it had spread by rhizome growth to form a moderately productive sward. All legume species responded to increasing rates of P at establishment and to greater frequency of maintenance superphosphate but the most efficient superphosphate regime was for low to moderate rates (123 to 300 kg/ha) at sowing reinforced by annual topdressings at 125 kg/ha. Legume oversowing with fertilizer substantially reduced Hieracium pillosella cover.

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