scholarly journals Comparison of ergovaline determinations between laboratories in the United States and Japan

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 283-288
Author(s):  
Morrie Craig ◽  
G. Rottinghaus ◽  
K. Walker ◽  
E. Ishikuro
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
The United States ◽  
Quality Assurance Program ◽  
University Of Missouri ◽  
Keywords Quality Assurance

Quality assurance and quality control is the foundation of any diagnostic test. The two laboratories in the United States that use HPLC to quantitate endophyte toxins in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) are Oregon State University (OSU) and University of Missouri (MU). Japan, the major importer of grass straw has six new laboratories that will test agricultural imports for endophyte toxins. A quality assurance program was set up between the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture and the State of Oregon. The latter includes both OSU and the MU. All units are using an accurate crystalline standard and have exchanged "check" samples among themselves. To date OSU and MU have values that differ by 10%. OSU has identified a contaminating and coeluting peak as the cause of the differences. Both laboratories are changing to a Gemini column to rectify the differences. Japanese laboratories are in the process of evaluating their split check samples. Keywords: quality assurance, quality control, endophyte, tall fescue, perennial ryegrass

scholarly journals Pyricularia grisea Isolates Causing Gray Leaf Spot on Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) in the United States: Relationship to P. grisea Isolates from Other Host Plants

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark L. Farman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gray Leaf Spot ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Pyricularia Grisea

Gray leaf spot of perennial ryegrass (prg) (Lolium perenne), caused by the fungus Pyricularia grisea (teleomorph = Magnaporthe grisea), has rapidly become the most destructive of all turf grass diseases in the United States. Fungal isolates from infected prg were analyzed with several molecular markers to investigate their relationship to P. grisea strains found on other hosts. All of the molecular markers used in this study revealed that isolates from prg are very distantly related to those found on crabgrass. Fingerprinting with MGR586 (Pot3) revealed zero to three copies of this transposon in the prg pathogens, distinguishing them from isolates pathogenic to rice, which typically have more than 50 copies of this element. RETRO5, a newly identified retroelement in P. grisea, was present at a copy number of >50 in isolates from rice and Setaria spp. but only six to eight copies were found in the isolates from prg. The MAGGY retrotransposon was unevenly distributed in the prg pathogens, with some isolates lacking this element, some possessing six to eight copies, and others having 10 to 30 copies. These results indicated that the P. grisea isolates causing gray leaf spot are distinct from those found on crabgrass, rice, or Setaria spp. This conclusion was supported by an unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average cluster analysis of single-copy restriction fragment length polymorphism haplo-types. Fingerprints obtained with probes from the Pot2 and MGR583 transposons revealed that the prg pathogens are very closely related to isolates from tall fescue, and that they share similarity with isolates from wheat. However, the wheat pathogens had fewer copies of these elements than those found on prg. Therefore, I conclude that P. grisea isolates commonly found on other host plant species did not cause gray leaf spot epidemics on prg. Instead, the disease appears to be caused by a P. grisea population that is specific to prg and tall fescue.

scholarly journals Host Range Differences Between Populations of Puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola Obtained from Perennial Ryegrass and Tall Fescue

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (9) ◽  
pp. 993-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Pfender
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Significant Difference

In the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, cool-season grasses grown for seed can be severely damaged by Puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola, causal agent of stem rust. Urediniospores of the pathogen, collected either from perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) or tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), were tested for host range among selected grasses and cereals. Under greenhouse conditions, the inoculum from L. perenne could produce pustules on this host, as well as on Dactylis glomerata, Lolium multiflorum, Poa pratensis, and F. rubra subsp. rubra and subsp. commutata; it caused only limited pustule development (low incidence or pustule type) on F. arundinacea, F. ovina subsp. hirtula, P. annua, Hordeum vulgare, and Secale cereale. No symptoms were produced on Triticum aestivum or Avena sativa. The inoculum from F. arundinacea had a host range that included itself, D. glomerata, L. perenne, L. multiflorum, and F. rubra subsp. rubra and subsp. commutata; there was no sign of pustule development on Poa spp. or the cereal grains tested (T. aestivum, A. sativa, S. cereale, and H. vulgare). The two urediniospore populations differed also in rate of symptom development on most of their common hosts. There was a small, but statistically significant, difference in spore size among the populations from different hosts. No recommendation is made for separate taxonomic status of populations from F. arundinacea and L. perenne, but the adaptation of each to its own host should be considered when devising disease management strategies and studying host genetic resistance.

scholarly journals First Report of Ophiosphaerella agrostis Infecting Creeping Bentgrass in Canada

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (8) ◽  
pp. 1114-1114 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Kaminski ◽  
T. Hsiang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
The United States ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
First Report

Dead spot, also known as bentgrass dead spot or bermudagrass dead spot, is a relatively new disease of golf course putting greens and is caused by the pathogen Ophiosphaerella agrostis (1). The disease first was reported on a creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) putting green in Maryland (2) and since has been identified on putting greens of creeping bentgrass and hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis) in the eastern and southern United States (3,4). In June 2004, disease symptoms resembling dead spot were observed on a golf course in southern Ontario. Small (≤3 cm) spots first appeared approximately 14 months after establishment of the sand-based, ‘L-93’ creeping bentgrass putting greens. The disease became more severe during the summer months and patches increased in size to as much as 5 to 8 cm in diameter. Dead spot infection centers remained visible throughout the winter months and the disease again became active during the spring of 2005. Bentgrass tissues growing adjacent to the periphery of active infection centers were orange-red to reddish-brown. Although dark brown ectotrophic hyphae were observed on bentgrass stolons, none were found on the roots. Few new infection centers occurred in 2005 and pseudothecia embedded within necrotic tissue only were observed in small numbers. No mature ascospores were observed when samples were collected during September 2005. A single fungal morphotype consistently was isolated from leaves and stolons with a rose-quartz color when grown for several days on potato dextrose agar. To demonstrate pathogenicity, ‘L-93’ creeping bentgrass seedlings were grown for 28 days in 10-cm-diameter pots containing an autoclaved greens-mix with a mechanical analysis of 94% sand, 5% silt, and 1% clay. Inoculum was prepared by placing mycelia from a hyphal-tipped isolate on an autoclaved mix of seed of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) bran (50% [vol/vol]), and grown at 24°C for 14 days. The inoculum (5 g) was embedded a few milliliters into the sand in the center of each pot (n = 5), and uninfested inoculum served as the untreated control. Pots were placed in enclosed plastic containers and incubated at room temperature (13 to 26°C) under natural light (replication 1) or under 14 h of light per day from fluorescent lights (replication 2). After 7 days, tissue along the periphery of each inoculation point became covered in a pink mycelium, and newly infected leaves appeared tan or brownish-red. Most plants were dead after 22 to 28 days of incubation. Reisolation of the pathogen from necrotic leaves produced fungal colonies similar in color, morphology, and growth rate to the original isolates. Few pseudothecia developed on infected tissue but were present in large numbers on infested tall fescue seed. Bitunicate asci containing spirally twisted filiform ascospores were observed. Light brown ascospores (n = 50) were 7 to 15 septate and measured 1.9 to 3.6 μm × 60.7 to 147.9 μm. On the basis of field symptoms, morphological characteristics, and pathogenicity tests, the pathogen was identified as O. agrostis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of dead spot on creeping bentgrass in Canada and of O. agrostis outside the United States. References: (1) M. P. S. Câmara et al. Mycologia 92:317, 2000. (2) P. H. Dernoeden et al. Plant Dis. 83:397, 1999. (3) J. E. Kaminski and P. H. Dernoeden. Plant Dis. 86:1253, 2002. (4) J. P. Krausz et al. Plant Dis. 85:1286, 2001.

Quality Control of Data in a Large-Scale Cancer Register Program

1966 ◽  
Vol 05 (02) ◽  
pp. 67-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. I. Lourie ◽  
W. Haenszeland
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Cancer Register ◽  
Independent Review ◽  
End Results

Quality control of data collected in the United States by the Cancer End Results Program utilizing punchcards prepared by participating registries in accordance with a Uniform Punchcard Code is discussed. Existing arrangements decentralize responsibility for editing and related data processing to the local registries with centralization of tabulating and statistical services in the End Results Section, National Cancer Institute. The most recent deck of punchcards represented over 600,000 cancer patients; approximately 50,000 newly diagnosed cases are added annually.Mechanical editing and inspection of punchcards and field audits are the principal tools for quality control. Mechanical editing of the punchcards includes testing for blank entries and detection of in-admissable or inconsistent codes. Highly improbable codes are subjected to special scrutiny. Field audits include the drawing of a 1-10 percent random sample of punchcards submitted by a registry; the charts are .then reabstracted and recoded by a NCI staff member and differences between the punchcard and the results of independent review are noted.

scholarly journals Comparative Genetic Analysis of Magnaporthe oryzae Isolates Causing Gray Leaf Spot of Perennial Ryegrass Turf in the United States and Japan

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 517-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Tosa ◽  
W. Uddin ◽  
G. Viji ◽  
S. Kang ◽  
S. Mayama
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gray Leaf Spot ◽  
Genetic Lineage ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii

Gray leaf spot caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is a serious disease of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) turf in golf course fairways in the United States and Japan. Genetic relationships among M. oryzae isolates from perennial ryegrass (prg) isolates within and between the two countries were examined using the repetitive DNA elements MGR586, Pot2, and MAGGY as DNA fingerprinting probes. In all, 82 isolates of M. oryzae, including 57 prg isolates from the United States collected from 1995 to 2001, 1 annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) isolate from the United States collected in 1972, and 24 prg isolates from Japan collected from 1996 to 1999 were analyzed in this study. Hybridization with the MGR586 probe resulted in approximately 30 DNA fragments in 75 isolates (designated major MGR586 group) and less than 15 fragments in the remaining 7 isolates (designated minor MGR586 group). Both groups were represented among the 24 isolates from Japan. All isolates from the United States, with the exception of one isolate from Maryland, belonged to the major MGR586 group. Some isolates from Japan exhibited MGR586 fingerprints that were identical to several isolates collected in Pennsylvania. Similarly, fingerprinting analysis with the Pot2 probe also indicated the presence of two distinct groups: isolates in the major MGR586 group showed fingerprinting profiles comprising 20 to 25 bands, whereas the isolates in the minor MGR586 group had less than 10 fragments. When MAGGY was used as a probe, two distinct fingerprint types, one exhibiting more than 30 hybridizing bands (type I) and the other with only 2 to 4 bands (type II), were identified. Although isolates of both types were present in the major MGR586 group, only the type II isolates were identified in the minor MGR586 group. The parsimony tree obtained from combined MGR586 and Pot2 data showed that 71 of the 82 isolates belonged to a single lineage, 5 isolates formed four different lineages, and the remaining 6 (from Japan) formed a separate lineage. This study indicates that the predominant groups of M. oryzae associated with the recent outbreaks of gray leaf spot in Japan and the United States belong to the same genetic lineage.

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