Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 204-208
Author(s):  
Louis A. Fishman
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Population ◽  
British Mandate ◽  
System P ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Daunting Task ◽  
National Movements ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
Late Ottoman ◽  
Historical Origins

Tracing the roots of the Palestinian–Israeli conflict is a daunting task as nationalist narratives have obscured real historical origins. This book has sought to offer a new interpretation of the first years of the conflict and presents a new context in which to understand it by going back to the late Ottoman era. This starting point is crucial to understanding how the conflict later developed into a full-fledged clash between two national movements during the British Mandate and the subsequent 1947–8 war. This book has clearly shown that the Jewish population in Ottoman Palestine was able to become a dominant force even before the Balfour Declaration, something that was accomplished within the Ottoman system....

scholarly journals Nafia for the Tigris: The Privy Purse and the infrastructure of development in late Ottoman Iraq, 1882–1914

2021 ◽  
pp. 007327532199926
Author(s):  
Camille Lyans Cole
Keyword(s):  
Development Planning ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Private Investors ◽  
Late Ottoman

Between 1893 and 1908, at least six private consortia and the municipality of Baghdad were denied permission to operate steamships on the Tigris and Euphrates on the grounds that a navigation concession had already been granted to the Privy Purse ( hazine-i hassa). The Privy Purse justified its insistence on monopoly with reference to the emerging ideology of development ( nafia), though its ideas about the role of steam technology in nafia stood in contrast to those of private investors and other Ottoman bureaucrats. Working from the hazine-i hassa’s planning memos and contracts, I show that the private treasury envisioned a primarily agrarian future for Iraq, with steamships serving agricultural aims. As such, it focused on envisioning future steamships rather than managing its existing fleet, while still acquiring dominance over land and transport in the region. However, private companies and officials contested this vision, emphasizing the materiality of existing steamships, their roles in trade, and the potential for commercial competition as a means of resisting British imperial encroachment. After the Committee of Union and Progress came to power in 1908, the Privy Purse was disestablished and its properties reverted to the Finance Ministry, opening a brief window during which steamship companies were encouraged to proliferate. Quickly, however, new comprehensive schemes were proposed, though with railways replacing steamships as the corollary to Iraq’s imagined riches. Engaging questions about the futurity of both infrastructure and capital, as well as those posed by the technology-in-use paradigm, this article suggests that the hazine-i hassa is a rich starting point for analysis because the scalar and ontological tensions it embodied highlight how different kinds of futures interact in development planning to affect the present.

Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4992 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-89
Author(s):  
ADRIAN ARDILA-CAMACHO ◽  
CALEB CALIFRE MARTINS ◽  
ULRIKE ASPÖCK ◽  
ATILANO CONTRERAS-RAMOS
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Wing Venation ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Family ◽  
Evolutionary Context ◽  
New Interpretation

Adult external morphology of the extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Insecta: Neuroptera: Mantispidae and Rhachiberothidae) is compared emphasizing the morphology of the subfamily Symphrasinae as a key group to understand the phylogenetic relationships among the members of the superfamily. Plega dactylota Rehn, 1939 is thoroughly characterized in order to exemplify the morphology of the Symphrasinae. Additionally, following a review of the literature and examination of comparative material of Dilaridae, Berothidae, Rhachiberothidae and all Mantispidae subfamilies, a new interpretation of the components of the raptorial apparatus (i.e., head, prothorax, grasping forelegs, as well as integumentary specializations) is presented. Also, wing venation for these groups is reinterpreted, and new homology hypotheses for wing venation are proposed based on tracheation and comparative analyses. Given the high morphological divergence on the genital sclerites within the Mantispoidea, plus the confusing previous usage of neutral terminology and terms referring to appendages across taxonomic and morphological studies, we attempt to standardize, simplify, and situate terminology in an evolutionary context under the “gonocoxite concept” (multi-coxopod hypothesis). The remarkable morphological similarity of the genital sclerites of Symphrasinae and Rhachiberothidae (sensu U. Aspöck & Mansell 1994) with the Nallachinae (Dilaridae) was taken as a starting point to understand the morphology of other Mantispidae subfamilies. Based on these morphological comparisons, we provide a revised phylogenetic analysis of Mantispoidea. This new phylogenetic analysis supports a sister group relationship between the family Rhachiberothidae, comprising Rhachiberothinae and Symphrasinae, and the family Mantispidae, including the subfamily Mantispinae and its sister taxa Drepanicinae and Calomantispinae, which may represent a single subfamily. Based on these analyses, raptorial condition probably evolved a single time in these insects and subsequently became diversified in the two sister clades of the raptorial Mantispoidea.  

Sensory Substitution Devices as Advanced Sensory Tools

2018 ◽  
pp. 188-204
Author(s):  
Thomas D. Wright ◽  
Jamie Ward
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Sensory Substitution ◽  
Considerable Effort ◽  
Conceptual Space ◽  
System P ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Magnetic Sense ◽  
Definition Of

There has been considerable effort devoted towards understanding sensory substitution devices in terms of their relationship to canonical sensory modalities. The approach taken in this essay is rather different, although complementary, in that we seek to define a broad conceptual space of ‘sensory tools’ in which sensory substitution devices can be situated. Such devices range from telescopes, to cochlear implants, to attempts to create a magnetic sense. One feature of these devices is that they operate at the level of ‘raw’ sensory information. As such, systems such as Braille which operate at a symbolic/conceptual level do not count as a sensory tool (or a sensory substitution device) and nor would a device such as CCTV which, although capturing raw sensory information, would not meet a conventional definition of a tool. With this approach, we hope to avoid the circularity inherent in previous attempts at defining sensory substitution and provide a better starting point to explore the effects of sensory tools, more generally, on the functioning of the nervous system.

A New Era in Cross-strait Relations? A Post-sovereign Enquiry in Taiwan’s Investment Treaty System

2019 ◽  
pp. 290-310
Author(s):  
Horia Ciurtin
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Main Trend ◽  
The European Union ◽  
New Era ◽  
Investment Treaty ◽  
System P ◽  
International Economic Law ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Eye Opening ◽  
Litmus Test

The author provides a post-sovereign enquiry in Taiwan’s investment treaty system. Going beyond the traditional legal divisions, Taiwan showed that it can bypass such limitations, being a main trend-setter in innovating the area of international economic law. Specifically, a close look at Taiwan’s nexus of investment treaty is eye-opening; Taiwan concluded twenty-nine BITs and six ample economic cooperation agreements with related investment provisions. The number and the importance of these agreements reveal that the concept of international recognition does not directly influence the behaviour of states which are willing to interact legally and economically. In this regard, non-diplomatic relations might be used as a step forward, as Taiwan is closer to conclude an agreement with another post-sovereign entity, the European Union. This global actor may open up the scene for a multi-tier dynamic where some of its component member states are in principle against any liaison with Taiwan, but will be bound to it because of their membership to the EU. To solve such legal contradiction, the established instruments of international law cannot be applied, and a new theoretical framework shall be developed. To this end, the starting point must be to discuss sovereignty thoroughly. The chapter assesses the polity’s effort for the development of diplomatic structures by means of investment agreements, in this way avoiding the problems related to recognition. This kind of agreement can be considered as a litmus test, showing Taiwan’s capacity to shift traditional categories of Westphalian international law and emerge as a self-standing actor.

The Plane Trees of Diomedes: Staging the Islands of the Blessed in the Adriatic Sea

Numen ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 495-518
Author(s):  
Matthias Egeler
Keyword(s):  
Adriatic Sea ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Plane Tree ◽  
Historical Case ◽  
Direct Relevance ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Plane Trees ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
Adriatic Region

Taking its starting point from the current theoretical debate about “religious aesthetics” (Religionsästhetik), this article offers a new interpretation of the landscaping of the Island of Diomedes. On the basis of a survey of the primary sources, it demonstrates that the descriptions of the Island of Diomedes have to be seen in the context of the mythological motif of the Islands of the Blessed. This in turn suggests an explanation for Theophrastus’ statement that in the Adriatic region of his day, the plane tree grew only around the shrine of Diomedes: given the typical associations of the plane tree, the planting of planes on the sanctuary island of Diomedes may have been intended to bring the appearance of the Island of Diomedes in line with contemporary stereotypes about the appearance of the Islands of the Blessed; thus, the plane trees of Diomedes constitute a historical case of direct relevance for the question of “religious aesthetics.” The article goes on to demonstrate that the plane trees of Diomedes constitute conclusive evidence against the identification of the Island of Diomedes with the island of Pelagosa (recently suggested on the basis of archaeological finds). Instead, the Island of Diomedes should be sought among the Isole Tremiti.

An Archaeological Survey of the Arab Village of Bureir: Perspectives on the Late Ottoman and British Mandate Period in Southern Israel

2020 ◽  
Vol 383 ◽  
pp. 141-173
Author(s):  
Benjamin Saidel ◽  
Rachel Hallote ◽  
Tali Erickson-Gini ◽  
Bernard Schecter ◽  
James W. Hardin
Keyword(s):  
Archaeological Survey ◽  
British Mandate ◽  
Late Ottoman

Islamic Culture and Political Pratice in British Mandated Palestine, 1918–1948

1983 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna Robinson Divine
Keyword(s):  
Political History ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Political Interest ◽  
Islamic Culture ◽  
British Mandate ◽  
National Sovereignty ◽  
Nationalist Movement ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Zionist Movement ◽  
Arab Politics

The starting point for explaining modern Palestinian political history is the assumption that Palestinians failed to organize adequately during the British Mandate (1918–1948), were defeated by the Zionist movement, and consequently dispersed from their homeland. That Palestinians did not unite politically during this crucial period in their history, nor cooperate economically, nor even band together militarily is considered corollaries of this organizational incapacity and reasons enough for their failure to achieve a national sovereignty of their own. Thus Porath notes that ultimately no Palestinian political organization could bridge the divisions of region, family, and narrow economic or political interest which encouraged the proliferation of parties and weakened the drive against Zionism. Ann Mosely Lesch calls her book on Arab politics in Palestine, “the frustration of a nationalist movement.”

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