Why Do Children Who Solve False Belief Tasks Begin to Find True Belief Control Tasks Difficult? A Test of Pragmatic Performance Factors in Theory of Mind Tasks

The litmus test for the development of a metarepresentational Theory of Mind is the false belief (FB) task in which children have to represent how another agent misrepresents the world. Children typically start mastering this task around age four. Recently, however, a puzzling finding has emerged: Once children master the FB task, they begin to fail true belief (TB) control tasks. Pragmatic accounts assume that the TB task is pragmatically confusing because it poses a trivial academic test question about a rational agent’s perspective; and we do not normally engage in such discourse about subjective mental perspectives unless there is at least the possibility of error or deviance. The lack of such an obvious possibility in the TB task implicates that there might be some hidden perspective difference and thus makes the task confusing. In the present study, we test the pragmatic account by administering to 3- to 6-year-olds (N = 88) TB and FB tasks and structurally analogous true and false sign (TS/FS) tasks. The belief and sign tasks are matched in terms of representational and metarepresentational complexity; the crucial difference is that TS tasks do not implicate an alternative non-mental perspective and should thus be less pragmatically confusing than TB tasks. The results show parallel and correlated development in FB and FS tasks, replicate the puzzling performance pattern in TB tasks, but show no trace of this in TS tasks. Taken together, these results speak in favor of the pragmatic performance account.

The Role of Family Ownership in Survival and Bouncing Back

The latest global economic and financial crisis has been a litmus test for companies, especially for SMEs. These companies have had to demonstrate their ability to be resilient, surviving first and then recovering. This chapter studies the role of family ownership in the survival and recovery of SMEs during a stressful event. From a perspective based on the complementarity or substitutability of goals that family firms pursue, the authors propose that family ownership has a positive effect on survival but a negative effect on recovery. Furthermore, they propose that the risk of bankruptcy before a crisis moderates the relationship between family ownership and survival. Hypotheses have been tested with a dataset of 3,133 Spanish manufacturing MEs finding evidence for the positive role of family ownership in survival and for the moderating effect of previous bankruptcy risk. The empirical data confirms good news for family-owned firms.

ON EVIDENCE AND PROOF IN CIVIL PROCEDURE (IN MEMORY OF PROFESSOR M.K. TREUSHNIKOV)

Proof and evidence reflect the quintessence of civil procedure; this is the “litmus test”, which inevitably and clearly shows the effectiveness (or ineffectiveness) of basic principles, efficiency (or ineffectiveness) of the legislative paradigm of civil procedure, predictive function of science. It is no coincidence that the problems of proof and evidence-including in their traditional hypostasis-have always been the focus of attention of prominent domestic proceduralists, beginning in the 19th century. A pleiad of Russian pre-revolutionary scholars who turned their eyes to forensic evidence – E.V. Vaskovskii, A.Kh. Golmsten, K.I. Malyshev, E.A. Nefediev, B.V. Popov, – which is continued in the 20th century by S.N. Abramov, A.F. Kleinman, S.V. Kurylev, P.P. Gureev, L.P. Smyshliaev, Ia.L. Shtutin, and K.S. Iudelson (we do not aim to name all names) is brilliant. And not coincidentally, we believe, the problems of judicial proof and judicial evidence became the core of scientific research and achievements of Professor M.K. Treushnikov, who continued the best traditions of domestic jurisprudence and formulated the basis of the modern evidential paradigm in civil proceedings, which was legislatively reflected in the 2002 Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation.

Spinoza’s Conatus Undoes Bourdieu’s Habitus

Bourdieu’s intermittent allusions to Spinoza’s conatus disclose the weaknesses of his concept of habitus. A thorough inspection of his involvement with the Spinozist legacy reveals a long-lasting inconsistency, for he expects that conatus will assist him in both 1) grounding the habitus and solving the uncertainties that surround this notion by endorsing a strong conatus, impervious to the resistances it will eventually encounter; and 2) re-instating agency in the structuralist mindset, a program retrospectively admitted by Bourdieu in 1987 and bound to a weak conatus, exposed to the interfering resistance of exterior forces and thus determined by the interaction with contingent events. Bourdieu noticed this incongruity around 1993. At that time, he renounced to buttressing the habitus by means of the dynamizing character of conatus. So began the later evolution of his thought, linked to the antithetical demand of both a weak and a strong conatus, a request commanded in its turn by an overarching habitus. One outcome of this conflict is that agency can hardly be summoned if Bourdieu’s conception of a “strong” conatus prevails and the dispositions making up the habitus are irreversible. In contrast, both Bourdieu’s appeal to controlled improvisation, and the ensuing concept of strategy, demand a “weak” conatus. Overall, the notion of habitus has been dubbed “a Trojan Horse for determinism” and endorses in fact what might be called the “mythology of permanence,” that is, the historically long-held belief in an all-embracing everlastingness. Bourdieu’s use of Spinoza’s conatus, in sum, besides highlighting the immutable social reproduction entailed by the habitus, acts as a litmus test for the ambiguities and shortcomings of this notion.

STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN PARIWISATA DALAM PENINGKATAN PENDAPATAN ASLI DAERAH (PAD) KOTA TERNATE PROVINSI MALUKU UTARA

Fokus dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengembangan pariwisata yang dilaksanakan oleh Dinas Pariwisata Kota Ternate, faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi serta menentukan strategi yang sebaiknya dilakukan untuk pengembangan pariwisata di Kota Ternate. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori dari Oka A. Yoeti terkait pengembangan pariwisata serta melakukan analisis SWOT dan litmus test untuk menentukan strategi yang tepat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Dalam mengumpulkan data, peneliti melakukan observasi, wawancara dan mengumpulkan dokumen tentang pengembangan pariwisata yang dilakukan oleh Dinas Pariwisata, serta kontribusinya terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) Kota Ternate. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengembangan pariwisata dalam rangka peningkatan Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) belum terlaksana secara optimal. Adanya pengembangan pariwisata serta kontribusinya terkait Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD), akan tetapi belum mampu mencapai target. Selain itu minimnya atraksi, sarana dan prasarana, yang menyebabkan kurangnya daya tarik pada objek wisata yang dikelola oleh pemerintah. Faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi terdiri dari faktor internal dan faktor eksternal yang kemudian dilanjutkan dengan menentukan strategi yang sebaiknya dilakukan untuk keberhasilan berdasarkan analisis SWOT dan litmus test didapatkan isu sangat strategis antara lain: Mengoptimalkan fungsi dan program Dinas Pariwisata dalam pengembangan pariwisata, mengoptimalkan fungsi dan program Dinas Pariwisata dalam pengembangan pariwisata, meningkatkan sarana dan prasarana pendukung pada objek wisata yang dikelola pemerintah, mengupayakan legalitas area publik atau objek wisata baru untuk dikelola oleh pemerintah daerah.

Manajemen Dan Tingkat Partisipasi Masyarakat Dalam Pengelolaan Sampah Di Kecamatan Puuwatu

The waste problem needs handling, and the community is part of the handling of this problem. This study aims to 1) explain the form and level of community participation in waste management in Puuwatu District, Kendari City, and 2) to find a waste management strategy in Puuwatu District. The analysis techniques used were SWOT and litmus test. The results showed, 1) The largest form of community participation was in the form of money (42%), with a low level of community participation. 2). The strategic issue in community-based integrated waste management is increasing the capacity of human resources in an effort to change people's perceptions, attitudes and behavior in waste management.Keywords: Management, Participation, Waste Management Masalah persampahan butuh penanganan dan masyarakat menjadi bagian dari penanganan permasalahan ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk 1) menjelaskan bentuk dan tingkat partisipasi terhadap masyarakat dalam pengelolaan persampahan di Kecamatan Puuwatu Kota Kendari, dan 2) menemukan strategi yang ada pada pengelolaan sampah di Kecamatan Puuwatu. Teknik analasis yang digunakan yaitu SWOT dan uji litmus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, 1) Bentuk partisipasi masyarakat terbesar yaitu dalam bentuk uang(42 %), dengan tingkat partisipasi masyarakat yang masih rendah. 2). isu strategis dalam pengelolaan sampah terpadu berbasis masyarakat adalah meningkatkan kapasitas sumber daya manusia dalam upaya mengubah persepsi, sikap, dan prilaku masyarakat dalam pengelolaan sampah.Kata Kunci : Manajemen, Partispasi, Pengelolaan Sampah

Aardappeleters

Potato eaters. A mundane theme in painting, 1885-1905 In late nineteenth-century Dutch art criticism, the topic of ‘poor people eating potatoes’ seems to have been a kind of litmus test for modern, Realist art. It was a sign of the dissolution of the hierachy of the genres, the decline of idealist painting with its elevated, literary themes, and it marked the emerging popularity of commonplace subjects without specific moral meaning attached to them. Likewise, painting of romantic, picturesque landscapes gave way to the more prosaic theme of hard work in the field. Poor farm workers at their shabby meal of potatoes, the fruits of their labour, were part of this subject matter. ‘Modern’ critics welcomed the shift in topics, ‘conservative’ ones fulminated against what they saw as a sign of decay. Catalogues of Exhibitions of Living Artists (Tentoonstellingen van Levende Meesters) and other expositions have been searched for paintings showing potato eaters, or related images like potato peeling, planting, digging, or potato still lifes. Quantitatively, these exhibitions did not justify the art critics’ rhetoric. Qualitatively, the critics’ aversion to the ‘potato eating’ theme was possibly related to its association with poverty and the imminent physical and moral decay of the lower class of the population. In modern realistic literature potato consumption also stood for degeneration. Partly outside the official art circuity, artists like Mauve, Witsen, Toorop, and especially Van Gogh showed potato production and consumption as ‘The Heroism of Daily Life’.

The AstraZeneca affair. A litmus test of information disorder in the Italian hybrid media ecosystem

In this paper we seek to demonstrate how a variety of information disorder phenomena comes to be at the intersection of legacy and social media interaction. To do so, we collected more than 750.000 tweets and 30.000 news articles related to the adoption of AstraZeneca vaccine in Italy for a period of six months (1st January 2021 - 30th June 2021). Initially, using timestamps of publications and tweets, we tracked the pace of public debate. Then, using a mixed methods approach, we investigated Twitter reaction during the climax of attention toward AstraZeneca. Acting as a litmus test, our study reveals three different but intertwined information disorder phenomena: first, the vaccine debate exhibit a flat progression with few condensed peaks of attention (acceleration phenomenon); second, the two main peaks that involve both journalistic coverage and Twitter discussion generate from news of suspect deaths related to AstraZeneca (sensationalisation phenomenon); and finally, the report of suspect deaths news by mainstream media accounts on Twitter correlates with a polarized and ideological reaction of the connected publics (fragmentation phenomenon). These results highlight how a direct implication of the hybrid media ecosystem's actual configuration could be a resistance in the formation of a public arena capable of sustaining a prolonged and effective debate, particularly with respect to controversial societal issues such as those related to the covid-19 vaccination campaign.

SPIRITUALITY IN THE WHEEL OF LIFE OF A MODERN PERSONALITY

The analysis of one of the global problems of today — the crisis of spirituality — is provided. It is shown that the spirituality of a modern personality among other life values (family, career, money, health, friendship, love, leisure time) in the context of the Wheel of Life by Paul J. Mayer occupies an insignificant place. It is proved that the mentioned fact is a litmus test of the disharmony of modern human life. The destruction of value imperatives of the spiritual basis leads inevitably to a crisis, which applies to both the individual and society as a whole. Accordingly, the spiritual devastation's possible effects and the ways to prevent it based on the implementation of the New Humanism ideas are revealed.