John McCallum, Poor Relief and the Church in Scotland, 1560–1650

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-239
Author(s):  
Jared Thomley
Keyword(s):  
Poor Relief ◽  
The Church

McCallum, Poor Relief and the Church in Scotland

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-313
Author(s):  
Neil Mcintyre
Keyword(s):  
Poor Relief ◽  
The Church

Wittenberg Reformers

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-51
Author(s):  
Esther Chung-Kim
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Poor Relief ◽  
System P ◽  
Theological Foundations ◽  
The Common ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Relief System ◽  
Mendicant Orders ◽  
The Church

Wittenberg reformers supported the transfer of formerly Catholic Church properties to government possession. This secularization of church property did not mean a rejection of religion per se; on the contrary, secularization of church property meant that political rulers consolidated the scattered ecclesiastical properties and possessions into a common chest so that they could support the reform of the church. While Martin Luther and Andreas Karlstadt denounced mendicant orders for their begging lifestyle, they called for cities to care for their resident poor so that begging would be obsolete. Their critique became the catalyst for change, including an educated pastorate with preaching as a central component of worship, schools for boys and girls, and a system of poor relief funded by monastic foundations, confraternities, and donations. In the transfer of property to the common chest, Wittenberg reformers were crucial in providing the theological foundations for the transition to a centralized poor relief system.

Institutional Care for the Elderly in the 19th Century: Old People in The Hague and their Institutions

1992 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-212
Author(s):  
Willem Jan Van Der Veen ◽  
Frans Van Poppel
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Population ◽  
Institutional Care ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Poor Relief ◽  
Female Age ◽  
Care For The Elderly ◽  
Homes For The Elderly ◽  
The Hague ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Church

ABSTRACTThis study focuses on the residents of three ecclesiastical homes for the elderly in The Hague in the i9th century. These homes took in poor members of the church who were at least 60 years old. Most of the elderly who resided in these homes had received poor relief before their admission. The main reason for their decision to request admission to a home was that they were no longer able to run a household independently. Most of the residents were well past the age of 60 upon entering the home, women generally being a few years older than men. There were no significant gender differences in duration of residence. The female age at death was a few years higher than for males. The health of the residents appeared to be worse than that of the total elderly population of The Hague, resulting in a higher death rate. In general, residents had independently run a household prior to admission.

Swiss Brethren and Dutch Mennonites

2021 ◽  
pp. 162-187
Author(s):  
Esther Chung-Kim
Keyword(s):  
Family Life ◽  
Poor Relief ◽  
Mutual Aid ◽  
Criminal Punishment ◽  
Catholic Clergy ◽  
Good Works ◽  
Clear Sign ◽  
Forced Migrations ◽  
Stable Family ◽  
The Church

Severe persecution and frequent migration threatened the survival of various Anabaptist groups and their leaders who lacked a salary or benefits, unlike magisterial Protestant reformers or Catholic clergy. Voluntary leaders like Menno Simons had to sacrifice a stable family life because of traveling visitations and forced migrations. Considered outlaws in most places, Anabaptists could not rely on any state support. The forms of poor relief among Swiss Brethren (including south German and Austrian Anabaptists) and Dutch Mennonites emerged out of a biblical rationale that the church of true believers practiced mutual aid out of love and obedience to Christ’s precepts and example. Anabaptist leaders relied a great deal on the networks of scattered Anabaptist communities, even though any aid to wanted Anabaptist fugitives could lead to criminal punishment. Mutual aid became a defining characteristic of the Anabaptists as a clear sign of faith and good works.

Monastic charitable provision in Tudor England: quantifying and qualifying poor relief in the early sixteenth century

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
NEIL S. RUSHTON
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Poor Relief ◽  
Tudor England ◽  
The Core ◽  
Tax Assessment ◽  
Qualitative Evidence ◽  
National Tax ◽  
The Church

Monastic charitable provision in the later Middle Ages through to the Dissolution has often been described as inadequate in terms of both quantity and quality. It has been accused of ineffectiveness because of its allegedly indiscriminate nature. This article suggests that in fact the religious houses and hospitals of England were providing a greater amount of poor relief in a more assiduous manner than has previously been allowed. The core of evidence comes from the 1535 national tax assessment of the Church, the Valor Ecclesiasticus. This contains details of the charitable provision carried out by most monasteries and hospitals as recorded by Crown commissions. After allowances have been made for the bias in the survey, a statistical analysis is carried out which indicates that an upward reassessment should be made of the quantity of monastic charity. Qualitative evidence from both the Valor Ecclesiasticus and from other contemporary sources also suggests that the pre-Reformation Church was providing genuinely beneficial poor relief.

Poverty

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Forrest
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Church Leaders ◽  
Social Medicine ◽  
Poor Relief ◽  
Religious Attitudes ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Church

Poverty was an endemic condition across Europe from the later middle ages until the end of the eighteenth century. It was the most intractable of the social problems which beset Europeans and offered a constant rebuke to monarchs and church leaders alike, proving almost as difficult to define as it was impossible to cure. This was an age before social science or social medicine, when there were still no agreed definitions of what constituted poverty, no clear sense of who was and was not poor; and there was little understanding of basic levels of subsistence in terms of protein or diet. Nor were there serious attempts before the eighteenth century to count the poor, or to assess the extent and pervasiveness of poverty. This is partly a question of social and religious attitudes. Poor relief was seen as a matter for the church and for clerical charity. The assumption that poverty was a problem for governments to legislate on still lay in the future, while the almost obsessive concern with statistics which characterizes modern government began only during the French revolutionary and Napoleonic period.

scholarly journals Poor Relief and the Church in Scotland, 1560-1650

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John McCallum
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Poor Relief ◽  
Protestant Church ◽  
Welfare Work ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Relief Efforts ◽  
The Church ◽  
Insight Into

This book analyses poor relief in the century or so after the Scottish Reformation of 1560. In doing so it challenges the assumption that Scottish poor relief was weak, informal and haphazard because it was run by the Protestant church rather than the state, as in England (all too often the yardstick against which Scotland is measured). Instead, the book explores the substantial welfare work carried out by Scottish parishes, and examines in detail how the system operated as well as those who benefitted from it. The rich but under-utilised parish records which are the focus of the study reveal not just the relief efforts themselves, but also provide a rare insight into the lives of poor Scots whom pre-modern historians often struggle to glimpse. The book will therefore appeal to a wide range of scholars of early modern Scotland, of poverty and its relief, and of the Reformation.

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