Elicitation of Phytoalexin rishitin in Potato Tuber Slices Infected by Fusarium spp., Does it Consider a Factor of Pathogenicity?

Potato tubers, under storage conditions, suffer from Fusarium dry rot disease caused by Fusarium spp. leading to devastating losses of stored tubers. Newly harvested tubers are resistance toward Fusarium infection, but disease becomes more vigorous by increasing storage period. Inoculation of potato tuber slices of Desiree cv. (highly susceptible) or Spunta cv. (highly resistant) either by a weak pathogen (F. moniliforme) or severe pathogen (F. solani) and tracking accumulation of phytoalexin rishitin in inoculated tissues at different intervals from inoculation revealed that Desiree cv. accumulated high amounts of rishitin in a very short time in comparison to another three tested situations. Dipping of potato tuber slices of both cvs. in different concentrations of the known antibiotic chloramphenicol prior to inoculation with a weak pathogen (F. moniliforme) led to increased disease severity associated with accumulation huge amounts of rishitin in inoculated tissues. The correlation coefficient between disease severity and rishitin production was +0.83. Moreover, the reaction of spunta cv. toward inoculation by a weak pathogen was changed from the state of resistance to very severe susceptibility. Since chloramphenicol affects protein synthesis on 70S ribosome’s, it was postulated that it prevents synthesis of factor(s) take a part in cell death during infection. Mitochondria extracted from potato tuber tissues secret compound(s) decreased rishitin synthesis in potato tuber slices treated with mycelia extract of F. solani. Treatment of isolated mitochondria with this antibiotic led to the elimination of this factor(s) from their secretions. Results obtained revealed that the elicitation of phytoalexins may consider one of pathogenicity factor of such system.

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Biological control of fusarium dry rot of potato tubers under commercial storage conditions

American Journal of Potato Research ◽

10.1007/bf02853659 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 77 (1) ◽

pp. 29-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

David A. Schisler ◽

Patricia J. Slininger ◽

Gale Kleinkopf ◽

Rodney J. Bothast ◽

Richard C. Ostrowski

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

Potato Tubers ◽

Dry Rot ◽

Fusarium Dry Rot

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Identification of Fusarium spp. Associated with Potato Tubers in Upper Egypt by Morphological and Molecular Characters

Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ◽

10.9734/ajbgmb/2019/v2i330062 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Youssuf A. Gherbawy ◽

Mohamed A. Hussein ◽

Eman G. A. El-Dawy ◽

Nabila A. Hassany ◽

Saad A. Alamri

Keyword(s):

Solanum Tuberosum L ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Correct Diagnosis ◽

Potato Tubers ◽

Fusarium Spp ◽

Dry Rot ◽

Upper Egypt ◽

Fusarium Dry Rot ◽

Global Population ◽

Highly Virulent

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important crop which holds promise for food security considering the global population growth rate. Fusarium dry rot is one of the most significant diseases of potato. To build up strategies for the control of this disease, it ought to be made primarily a correct diagnosis and identification of the pathogen. A total of 504 Fusarium isolates were recovered from potato tubers collected from Upper Egypt. Fusarium isolates were identified based on morphology and partial DNA sequencing of β-tubulin (TUB) genes. 62.5% of the isolates were identified as F. sambucinum, followed F. oxysporum (57.5%), then F. verticillioides (56.25%) and F. incarnatum (47.5%). All the tested Fusarium species were able to produce amylase. The pathogenicity of the isolates was tested by inoculation of healthy potato tubers; all of the tested isolates were pathogenic to healthy potato tubers. F. sambucinum had a highly virulent effect.

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Occurrence and epidemiological aspects of potato silver scurf in California

Horticultura Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0102-05362004000400005 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 690-695 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Marcos G. Cunha ◽

David M. Rizzo

Keyword(s):

Storage Period ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

Silver Scurf ◽

Inoculum Potential ◽

Helminthosporium Solani ◽

Potato Tubers ◽

Commercial Potato ◽

Tuber Disease ◽

Fusarium Sp ◽

Over Time

A new potato tuber disease has been observed in the Tulelake region, California, USA, since 1995, with tuber symptoms suggestive of silver scurf disease (Helminthosporium solani). In this work we isolated, identified and demonstrated the nature of the causal agent of this potato disease in California. In addition, the distribution of H. solani in potato fields and the inoculum potential at harvest time were investigated. Disease progress and H. solani spore populations were also characterised under commercial storage conditions. The main fungal genera associated with potato tubers in storage were Helminthosporium solani, Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium sp., and Rhizoctonia sp. The results of Koch's postulates indicated that H. solani is responsible for the outbreak of silver scurf in the Tulelake region. In a disease survey in three commercial potato fields naturally infested, H. solani infections occurred in all fields. However, the extension of the infections differed significantly between the fields. During potato storage, silver scurf usually increased over time. The percentage of the tuber surface covered by silver scurf varied from 3.5% up to 35.5% during the storage period. The number of H. solani lesions per tuber also progressively increased from 6% up to 35%, six months after storage. H. solani spore populations also increased over time in all studied potato stores; nevertheless, they followed no consistent pattern, exhibiting multiple and variable peaks of increase and reduction during the period of storage.

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Combined Influence of Chitosan and Calcium Chloride on Fusarium Dry Rot Disease Under Field Conditions

The Open Agriculture Journal ◽

10.2174/1874331502014010339 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 339-344

Author(s):

Sabah R. Mohammed ◽

Ivan D. Eskov ◽

Elsayed M. Zeitar

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Calcium Chloride ◽

Tuber Yield ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Field Conditions ◽

Dry Rot ◽

Fusarium Dry Rot ◽

Rot Disease

Background: Fusarium dry rot disease caused by Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel (F. sambucinum) can infect the potato tubers in the field and during storage. Yield losses by F. sambucinum reach 60%. Traditional methods to control Fusarium dry rot are fungicides application, which led to developing many isolates resistant to these fungicides. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of calcium chloride (CaCl2) and chitosan, alone or in combination, on plant development, tuber yield, and Fusarium dry rot disease incidence under field conditions. Methods: Soil inoculated with F. sambucinum before planting. We treated the seed tubers with CaCl2 (0.5 or 1%), chitosan 0.5%, or both. The foliage was sprayed twice with CaCl2 (0.5 or 1%), 0.1% chitosan, or both. During the vegetation period, growth parameters, such as germination (%), plant height (cm), and branches number per plant, were measured. At harvest, we calculated the total and the marketable number of tubers and tuber yield. In addition, during storage, we assessed the incidence of Fusarium dry rot disease on tubers. Results: Results revealed that combined pre-planting application with 1% CaCl2 and 0.5% chitosan with 2 hours intervals, then spraying foliar with 1% CaCl2 and 0.1% chitosan twice with ten days intervals starting at 40 days after planting resulted in: a) increasing the germination, enhancing the growth parameters such as plant height and branches number per plant; b) enhancing the marketable tuber yield by 75.2 and 97.6% in Sante and Kolobok varieties, respectively; c) reducing Fusarium dry rot disease incidence by 61.9-72.7%. Conclusion: The work highlighted that the combined pre-planting and foliar application of CaCl2 and chitosan might be recommended for potato producers to reduce the incidence of Fusarium dry rot disease and augment yields.

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The mechanism of induced resistance against Fusarium dry rot in potato tubers by the T-2 toxin

Postharvest Biology and Technology ◽

10.1016/j.postharvbio.2019.03.021 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 153 ◽

pp. 69-78 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Huali Xue ◽

Yang Bi ◽

Dov Prusky ◽

Hussain Raza ◽

Rui Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Induced Resistance ◽

Potato Tubers ◽

Dry Rot ◽

Fusarium Dry Rot

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Effect of sprout inhibitors on the incidence of Fusarium dry rot and sprouting of potato tubers

American Potato Journal ◽

10.1007/bf02859911 ◽

1953 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 10-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

J. Howard Ellison ◽

H. S. Cunningham

Keyword(s):

Potato Tubers ◽

Dry Rot ◽

Fusarium Dry Rot ◽

Sprout Inhibitors

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Fusarium spp. Causing Dry Rot of Seed Potato Tubers in Michigan and Their Sensitivity to Fungicides

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-11-11-0932-re ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 96 (12) ◽

pp. 1767-1774 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

E. Gachango ◽

L. E. Hanson ◽

A. Rojas ◽

J. J. Hao ◽

W. W. Kirk

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Seed Potato ◽

Mycelial Growth ◽

Potato Storage ◽

Potato Tubers ◽

Fusarium Spp ◽

Dry Rot ◽

Prevalent Species ◽

Isolated Species ◽

Storage Facilities

A survey of seed potato tubers in Michigan seed production storage facilities was carried out during 2009 and 2010. Fusarium spp. associated with tuber dry rot symptoms were identified to species and tested for sensitivity to difenoconazole, fludioxonil, and thiabendazole. Symptomatic tubers (n = 370) were collected from a total of 51 seed lots, from which 228 isolates of Fusarium were recovered and identified to 11 species. Fusarium oxysporum was the most commonly isolated species (30.3%), followed by F. equiseti (19.3%). F. sambucinum and F. avenaceum were third most prevalent (each at 13.6%). Less prevalent species (each at 4 to 10%) included F. cerealis, F. solani, and F. acuminatum; and species present at ≤3% included F. sporotrichioides, F. torulosum, F. tricinctum, and F. graminearum. Representative isolates of all species were pathogenic when inoculated onto seed tubers (‘Dark Red Norland’). Isolates of F. sambucinum were the most virulent. All 228 isolates of Fusarium were sensitive to difenoconazole (effective fungicide concentration that caused 50% inhibition of mycelial growth [EC50] < 5 mg/liter). Insensitivity to fludioxonil (EC50 > 100 mg/liter) was detected only for F. sambucinum and F. oxysporum isolates at 8.9 and 20.4%, respectively. All isolates were sensitive to thiabendazole (EC50 < 5 mg/liter), except for those of F. sambucinum (EC50 > 100 mg/liter). Therefore, knowledge of what Fusarium spp. are present in seed potato storage facilities in Michigan may be important if using fludioxonil or thiabendazole for seed piece treatment but not when using difenoconazole.

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First Report of Fusarium proliferatum Causing Dry Rot in Michigan Commercial Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Production

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-09-13-0919-pdn ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 98 (6) ◽

pp. 843-843

Author(s):

A. Merlington ◽

L. E. Hanson ◽

R. Bayma ◽

K. Hildebrandt ◽

L. Steere ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solanum Tuberosum ◽

Sodium Hypochlorite ◽

Fusarium Proliferatum ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Fusarium Spp ◽

Dry Rot ◽

Commercial Potato ◽

Fusarium Dry Rot ◽

Half Strength ◽

Potato Dry Rot

Fusarium dry rot of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a postharvest disease caused by several Fusarium spp. Thirteen Fusarium spp. have been implicated in dry rot of potatoes worldwide. Among them, 11 species have been reported causing potato dry rot of seed tubers in the northern United States (1). Historically, Fusarium sambucinum was the predominant species in Michigan potato production (3). Dry rot symptomatic tubers (n = 972) were collected from Michigan commercial potato storage facilities in 2011 and 2012 to determine the composition of Fusarium spp. Sections were cut from the margins of necrotic tissue with a sterile scalpel and surface disinfested in 0.6% sodium hypochlorite for 10 s, rinsed twice in sterile distilled water, and dried on sterile filter paper. The tissue sections were plated on half-strength potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 0.5 g/liter of streptomycin sulfate. Dishes were incubated at 23°C in the dark for 7 days. Putative Fusarium isolates were transferred onto water agar and hyphal tips from the margin of actively growing cultures were removed with a sterile scalpel and plated to carnation leaf agar (CLA) and half-strength PDA to generate pure cultures. Seven hundred and thirty Fusarium isolates were collected using these techniques. Preliminary identification of the 730 isolates was based on colony and conidial morphology on PDA and CLA, respectively. While F. oxysporum and F. sambucinum were isolated as expected from prior reports (3), three isolates of F. proliferatum were also identified. On CLA, macroconidia of F. proliferatum were sparse, slender, and mostly straight, with three to five septae (4). Microconidia were abundant, usually single celled, oval or club-shaped in short chains or false heads on monophialides and polyphialides (4), and chlamydospores were absent. On PDA, abundant white mycelium was produced and turned violet with age. Koch's postulates were confirmed through pathogenicity testing on disease-free potato tubers cvs. Atlantic and Russet Norkotah. Tubers were surface disinfested for 10 min in 0.6% sodium hypochlorite and rinsed twice in distilled water. Three tubers of each cultivar per isolate were wounded at the apical end of the tuber to a depth of 4 to 10 mm with a 4 mm diameter cork-borer. Tubers were inoculated by inserting a mycelial plug from a 7-day-old culture grown on PDA into the wound and incubating the tubers at 20°C for 21 days. All Fusarium isolates were tested. Control tubers were inoculated by inserting a water agar plug. Pathogenicity and virulence testing were replicated three times and repeated. Tubers inoculated with F. proliferatum developed typical potato dry rot symptoms but no dry rot symptoms were observed on control tubers. Fusarium proliferatum was re-isolated from symptomatic tubers, confirming Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. proliferatum causing potato dry rot in Michigan. References: (1) E. Gachango et al. Plant Dis. 96:1767. (2) D. Geiser et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 110:473, 2004. (3) M. L. Lacy and R. Hammerschmidt. Fusarium dry rot. Extension Bulletin. Retrieved from http://web1.msue.msu.edu/msue/iac/onlinepubs/pubs/E/E2448POT, 23 May 2010. (4) J. F. Leslie and B. A. Summerell. The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ, 2006.

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