scholarly journals Struvite Crystallization for Ammonium Removal from Cow Urine with Bulkhead Reactor

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Luluk Edahwati ◽  
Sutiyono Sutiyono ◽  
Fauziah Hilda Alvira ◽  
Rizqi Rendri Anggriawan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Rate Variation ◽  
Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Ammonium Removal ◽  
Cow Urine ◽  
Magnesium Ammonium ◽  
Struvite Crystallization ◽  
Scanning Electron

Kandungan amonium dalam limbah urine sapi dapat merusak ekosistem perairan karena toksisitasnya. Kandungan amonium dapat dikurangi dengan menghilangkannya melalui kristalisasi struvite. Pada penelitian ini, struvite (MgNH4PO4.6H2O) terbentuk dari reaksi senyawa magnesium, amonium, dan fosfat yang dijalankan menggunakan reaktor kolom bersekat. Laju udara menggerakkan larutan di dalam reaktor menyebabkan amonium bereaksi dengan reaktan membentuk struvite. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan kondisi penurunan amonium terbaik pada limbah urine sapi. Penelitian berjalan dengan perbandingan molar larutan M: A: P (magnesium amonium fosfat) 3: 1: 1 dan laju aliran udara 0,4 L / menit dengan variasi laju aliran MAP 8,8; 11; 14,67; 22; 44 ml / menit dan variasi suhu 25, 35, 45, 55, 65˚C untuk menurunkan kandungan amonium. Semakin cepat laju aliran MAP, semakin rendah efisiensi penurunan amonium. Efisiensi penurunan amonium akan meningkat dengan meningkatnya suhu. Hasil terbaik yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini adalah penurunan amonium pada limbah sebesar 77,97%. Hasil difraksi serbuk sinar-X (XRD) dan scanning electron microscope (SEM) adalah kristal yang diuji berupa struvite berbentuk batang atau memanjang. Analisis EDAX memberikan hasil persentase komponen pada struvite yaitu 14,28% Mg, 10,68% N, dan 18,19% P.The presence of ammonium content in cow urine waste damages the aquatic ecosystem due to its toxicity. Ammonium content can be reduced by removing it through struvite crystallization. In this study, struvite (MgNH4PO4.6H2O) was formed from the reaction of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate compounds using a bulkhead reactor. The rate of air moving the solution in the reactor causes ammonium to react with reactants to form struvite. This research was conducted with M : A : P (magnesium ammonium phosphate) molar ratio solution is 3 : 1 : 1 and 0,4 L/min air flow rate with MAP flow rate variation of 8,8; 11; 14,67; 22; 44 ml/min and a temperature variation of 25, 35, 45, 55, 65˚C to decrease ammonium content. The faster the MAP flow rate, the lower the ammonium removal efficiency. The efficiency of ammonium removal will increase with increasing temperature. The best results obtained in this study were ammonium removal in the waste of 77.97%. The result of x-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) is the crystals tested was a struvite with elongated or rod shape. EDAX analysis gave the percentage of components in struvite, namely 14.28% Mg, 10.68% N, and 18.19% P.

scholarly journals Engineered nanostructures to carry the biological ligands

2018 ◽  
Vol 150 ◽  
pp. 06002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subash C.B. Gopinath ◽  
Santheraleka Ramanathan ◽  
Koh Hann Suk ◽  
Mu Ee Foo ◽  
Periasamy Anbu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Inhibition Assay ◽  
Single Walled Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Cow Urine ◽  
Herbal Plants ◽  
Scanning Electron

Different nanostructures were engineered with the nanoscale dimension lesser than 100 nm. These nanostructures include silver, cellulose nanoparticles and single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT). Biological ligands were obtained from the medicinally important herbal plants, such as Solanum trilobatum and Hempedu bumi and conjugated with the nanostructures silver nanoparticle and SWCNT, respectively. On the other hand, bio-ligands from cow urine were encapsulated in the cellulose nanoparticle. To confirm morphology these nanostructures, they were observed under Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope and the results displayed the uniformed nanostructures. Further, biological ligand carrying ability of these nanostructures was confirmed by the bacterial inhibition assay on the agar plate. This study provided the evidence on the capability of nanostructures to carry the biological ligands.

Preparation of Ethyl-Cellulose Nanofibers via An Electrospinning

2007 ◽  
Vol 119 ◽  
pp. 255-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joon Pyo Jeun ◽  
Youn Mook Lim ◽  
Jae Hak Choi ◽  
Hyun Shil La ◽  
Phil Hyun Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Ethyl Cellulose ◽  
Cellulose Nanofibers ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Fiber Morphology ◽  
Electric Voltage ◽  
Scanning Electron

Ethyl-cellulose (EC) nanofibers were fabricated by an electrospinning of an EC solution with a 6-12 wt% concentration. Fiber morphology was observed under a scanning electron microscope and the effects of instrument parameters including the solution concentration, flow rate and electric voltage were investigated.

Synthesis of Patterned Carbon Nanotubes Based on Anodic Aluminum Nano-Templates

2013 ◽  
Vol 641-642 ◽  
pp. 534-537
Author(s):  
Lei Shan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Gas Flow Rate ◽  
Anodic Aluminum ◽  
Controllable Size ◽  
Scanning Electron

Carbon nanotubes based on anodic aluminum nano-templates embedded with different metal catalysts were synthesized and the influence on the morphology of the products of the gas flow rate and the reaction time was closely investigated. The samples were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscope. The results confirmed that the products are carbon nanotubes with controllable size and the morphology of the products were different with the different reation conditions.

scholarly journals Coronary capillary blood flow in a rat model of congestive heart failure

2018 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 632-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather J. Kagan ◽  
Varujan D. Belekdanian ◽  
Jiqiu Chen ◽  
Peter Backeris ◽  
Nadjib Hammoudi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Congestive Heart Failure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Blood Flow Rate ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Capillary Resistance ◽  
Scanning Electron

The aim of this study was to explore the role of abnormal coronary microvasculature morphology and hemodynamics in the development of congestive heart failure (CHF). CHF was induced in rats by aortic banding, followed by ischemia-reperfusion and later aortic debanding. Polymerized casts of coronary vasculature were imaged under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB) software was used to calculate capillary structure index (CSI), a measure of structural alignment also called mean vector length (MVL), for 93 SEM images of coronary capillaries (CSI→1 perfect linearity; CSI→0 circular disarray). CSI was incorporated as a constant to represent tortuosity and nonlaminar flow in Poiseuille’s equation to estimate the differences in capillary blood flow rate, velocity, and resistance for CHF vs. control. The morphology of CHF capillaries is significantly disordered and tortuous compared with control (CSI: 0.35 ± 0.02 for 61 images from 7 CHF rats; 0.58 ± 0.02 for 32 images from 7 control rats; P < 0.01). Estimated capillary resistance in CHF is elevated by 173% relative to control, while blood flow rate and blood velocity are 56 and 43% slower than control. Capillary resistance increased 67% due to the significantly narrower capillary diameter in CHF, while it increased an additional 105% due to tortuosity. The significant structural abnormalities of CHF coronary capillaries may drastically stagnate hemodynamics in myocardium and increase resistance to blood flow. This could play a role in the development of CHF.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In the present study, coronary capillary tortuosity was measured by applying Matrix Laboratory software to scanning electron microscope images of capillaries in a rat model of congestive heart failure. Stagnant blood flow in coronary capillaries may play a role in the development of congestive heart failure. The application of computer modeling to histological and physiological data to characterize the hemodynamics of coronary microcirculation is a new area of study.

scholarly journals Efek Proses Pendinginan Terhadap Struktur Morfologi Komposit Biodegradable HDPE-Pati Singkong

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Nurul Jamilah ◽  
Dasep Rusmana ◽  
Roni Sujarwadi ◽  
Chandra Liza
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Injection Molding ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Melt Flow ◽  
Melt Flow Rate ◽  
Scanning Electron

Plastik ramah lingkungan umumnya digunakan untuk aplikasi kemasan sekali pakai, salah satunya adalah penggunaan singkong sebagai bahan plastik biodegradable. Proses pencampuran biodegradable selama pendinginan umumnya menggunakan air, sementara itu pati memiliki sifat mudah menyerap air sehingga memungkinkan terbentuknya porositas pada produk akhir. Pada kegiatan ini dilakukan pembuatan komposit HDPE biodegradable – pati singkong dengan parameter penambahan pati dan proses pendinginan setelah compounding,pengamatan dilakukan melalui struktur morfologi. Parameter proses pendinginan setelah compounding yaitu dengan cara memasukkan sampel ke dalam air selama beberapa menit dan dengan pendinginan udara. Karakterisasi awal dilakukan dengan pengukuran MFR (Melt Flow Rate) dan strain at break. Dari hasil pengujian, campuran biodegradabledengan 10% pati menghasilkan nilai MFR 0,258 g/10 menit dan strain at break 10,37%, nilai ini menunjukan karakteristik material polimer untuk proses injection molding. Selanjutnya material setelah proses pendinginan diamati porositas menggunakan alat SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), porositas terbentuk karena sifat pati yang menyerap air. Hasil morfologi alat SEM menunjukkan adanya porositas dalam produk yang dilakukan proses pendinginan menggunakan air. Pendinganan lebih lama menghasilkan porositas sekitar 5,32 μsedangkan pendinginan lebih lambat menghasilkan porositas sekitar 2,48 μ. Hal ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa semakin lama proses pendinginan, maka semakin besar porositas yang terbentuk. Sementara proses pendinginan dengan udara tidak membentuk porositas pada komposit HDPE biodegradable – pati singkong. 

The Alteration of the Pore Spaces in Sandstones

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 210-211
Author(s):  
R. E. Ferrell ◽  
G. G. Paulson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Depositional Fabric ◽  
Soluble Components ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Shape And Size

The pore spaces in sandstones are the result of the original depositional fabric and the degree of post-depositional alteration that the rock has experienced. The largest pore volumes are present in coarse-grained, well-sorted materials with high sphericity. The chief mechanisms which alter the shape and size of the pores are precipitation of cementing agents and the dissolution of soluble components. Each process may operate alone or in combination with the other, or there may be several generations of cementation and solution.The scanning electron microscope has ‘been used in this study to reveal the morphology of the pore spaces in a variety of moderate porosity, orthoquartzites.

The Broad Applications of the Scanning Electron Microscope

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 20-21
Author(s):  
C. T. Nightingale ◽  
S. E. Summers ◽  
T. P. Turnbull
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Surface Topography ◽  
Great Depth ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Depth Of Field ◽  
Pictorial Representations ◽  
Scanning Electron

The ease of operation of the scanning electron microscope has insured its wide application in medicine and industry. The micrographs are pictorial representations of surface topography obtained directly from the specimen. The need to replicate is eliminated. The great depth of field and the high resolving power provide far more information than light microscopy.

Observability of Very Thick Specimen by Using Transmission Scanning Electron Microscope

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
K. Shibatomi ◽  
T. Yamanoto ◽  
H. Koike
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Image Quality ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Image Contrast ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Thick Specimen ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

In the observation of a thick specimen by means of a transmission electron microscope, the intensity of electrons passing through the objective lens aperture is greatly reduced. So that the image is almost invisible. In addition to this fact, it have been reported that a chromatic aberration causes the deterioration of the image contrast rather than that of the resolution. The scanning electron microscope is, however, capable of electrically amplifying the signal of the decreasing intensity, and also free from a chromatic aberration so that the deterioration of the image contrast due to the aberration can be prevented. The electrical improvement of the image quality can be carried out by using the fascionating features of the SEM, that is, the amplification of a weak in-put signal forming the image and the descriminating action of the heigh level signal of the background. This paper reports some of the experimental results about the thickness dependence of the observability and quality of the image in the case of the transmission SEM.

Resolution of a Transmitted Electron Image Formed by A Scanning Electron Microscope

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 386-387
Author(s):  
S. Takashima ◽  
H. Hashimoto ◽  
S. Kimoto
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Specimen Thickness ◽  
Probe Diameter ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Electron Image ◽  
Conventional Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron

The resolution of a conventional transmission electron microscope (TEM) deteriorates as the specimen thickness increases, because chromatic aberration of the objective lens is caused by the energy loss of electrons). In the case of a scanning electron microscope (SEM), chromatic aberration does not exist as the restrictive factor for the resolution of the transmitted electron image, for the SEM has no imageforming lens. It is not sure, however, that the equal resolution to the probe diameter can be obtained in the case of a thick specimen. To study the relation between the specimen thickness and the resolution of the trans-mitted electron image obtained by the SEM, the following experiment was carried out.

Characterization of Sputtered Films using the Scanning Electron Microscope

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 44-45
Author(s):  
R. F. Schneidmiller ◽  
W. F. Thrower ◽  
C. Ang
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Thin Film Deposition ◽  
Film Deposition ◽  
Sputtered Films ◽  
Plasma Sputtering ◽  
Microelectronic Devices ◽  
Control Film ◽  
Scanning Electron

Solid state materials in the form of thin films have found increasing structural and electronic applications. Among the multitude of thin film deposition techniques, the radio frequency induced plasma sputtering has gained considerable utilization in recent years through advances in equipment design and process improvement, as well as the discovery of the versatility of the process to control film properties. In our laboratory we have used the scanning electron microscope extensively in the direct and indirect characterization of sputtered films for correlation with their physical and electrical properties.Scanning electron microscopy is a powerful tool for the examination of surfaces of solids and for the failure analysis of structural components and microelectronic devices.

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