scholarly journals Localization Economies, Vertical Organization and Trade

10.3386/w4744 ◽  
1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Hanson
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Hacer Simay Karaalp-Orhan

Economic development, for any country, is one of the most important objectives to be achieved. However, development cannot be realized in all regions and provinces of a county at the same time and speed. Turkey also struggles against a persistent economic development problem among regions in east-west and coast-inland for many years. This study aims to analyze the regional inequalities in Turkey under the scope of economic, demographic and social indicators from 2007 to the latest data. The results indicate that TR-10 Istanbul is the engine region of Turkey in terms of industrialization and development with the highest contribution (31%) based on service and industry sectors, to the gross value added. Other industrialized regions are the Aegean region where localization economies mainly dominated and the East Marmara and TR51-Ankara regions where urbanization economies operated in. Agricultural activities heavily concentrated in Aegean, Antalya, Konya and Şanlıurfa regions. In these regions, participation in the labour market is also very high. However, the highest income inequality and poverty is also found in TR10, TR62 and TR21 regions. The less developed region is the Southeast Anatolian region in terms of low income, education, health and high unemployment, young population and immigration rates. Keywords: Regional disparities, regional development, socio-economic indicators, Turkey


1974 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-319
Author(s):  
T. D. ALLEN ◽  
C. S. POTTEN

Mouse dorsal interfollicular epidermis has a vertical organization consisting of approximately 1400 units/mm2. Each unit is identified by its uppermost 4 to 6 layers of roughly hexagonal flattened cornified cells or squames, which are stacked in a precise vertical column. Beneath each column of squames there are 3 differentiating cells and a group of 10 or 11 basal cells, which provide cells to replace those lost by desquamation at the top of the squame column. The whole unit is termed an epidermal proliferative unit or EPU. In the central region of the basal layer of each EPU is a single dendritic Langerhans cell, devoid of desmosomes, but held in position by the surrounding keratinocytes. The dendrites radiate outwards between the keratinocytes to the periphery of the unit. Keratinocyte migration into the spinous layer takes place from the edge of the unit. In the squame column itself, a modified cell-to-cell attachment (squamosome) runs around the edge of each cornified cell, and attaches it to the overlapping region of cells from adjacent squame columns.


1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Farrell ◽  
Hunter K. Monroe ◽  
Garth Saloner

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Farrell ◽  
Hunter K. Monroe ◽  
Garth Saloner

1999 ◽  
Vol 74 (19) ◽  
pp. 2824-2826 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Lita ◽  
R. S. Goldman ◽  
J. D. Phillips ◽  
P. K. Bhattacharya

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (23) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Oscar Alejandro Viramontes-Olivas ◽  
Ernesto Guerra García ◽  
René Arroyo Ávila ◽  
María del Rosario de Fátima Alvidrez Díaz ◽  
Cesar Báez Terrazas

El Clima organizacional (Co) es importante para estimular, impulsar y mejorar la productividad del Recurso humano (Rh) que genera, crea, promueve, gestiona y mantiene constante innovación para el desarrollo grupal e individual. Se analizaron condiciones de Co en estudiantes de tres unidades académicas de una Universidad intercultural en Sinaloa para detectar, fortalezas, debilidades, oportunidades y amenazas. Se aplicaron 1,176 encuestas (escala Likert-siete niveles), con 70 preguntas, siendo validada por alfa de Cronbach (0.86). El muestreo fue por Método Aleatorio Estratificado, Afijación Proporcional con nivel de confianza (97%) y error (2.8%) para N=5,375. Se estratificó por unidad y carrera, en el caso de Los Mochis, se tuvo una muestra de (n=703); Mochicahui, (n=361) y Choix, (n=112). Las variables medidas fueron: Servicio a estudiantes (Se), Respeto a la Diversidad Cultural (Rdc), Cohesión (Cn), Gestión (Gn), Área Física (Af) y Equidad (Eq). Se aplicó el Coeficiente de Correlación (Pearson) con regresión bivariada y multivariada. Se fue estadísticamente significativa con Co (r=0.787 P<0.01); Co con Rdc (r=0.761 P<0.01); Co con Cn (r=0.832 P<0.01); Co con Gn (r=0.834 P<0.01); Co con Af (r=0.796 P<0.01) y Co con Eq (r=0.820 P<0.01). La R2 fue de 91.8%. De acuerdo al predictor de las seis variables analizadas las más significativas en orden de importancia fueron: Af, Se, Gn, Eq, Rdc y Cn, para la toma de decisiones. Las fortalezas son que la Universidad es incluyente; sus debilidades son: existe una organización y gobierno “vertical”, fragmentando la unidad; amenazas, desunión y falta de comunicación; oportunidades, sus programas están certificados y con calidad educativa.  Organizational climate (Co) is important to stimulate, boost and improve the productivity of the Human Resource (Rh) that generates, promotes, manages, creates and maintains constant innovation for group and individual development. Objective. Co conditions were analyzed in students of three academic units of an intercultural University in Sinaloa, to detect, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Method. 1,176 surveys were applied (Likert scale-seven levels), with 70 questions, being validated by Cronbach's alpha (0.86). Sampling was by Stratified Random Method, Proportional Locking, with confidence level (97%) and error (2.8%) for N= 5,375. It was stratified by unit and career, in the case of Los Mochis, there was a sample of (n= 703); Mochicahui, (n = 361) and Choix, (n = 112). The variables measured were: Student service (Se), Respect for Cultural Diversity (Rdc), Cohesion (Cn), Management (Gn), Physical Area (Af) and Equity (Eq) Results The Correlation Coefficient (Pearson) was applied, with bivariate and multivariate regression. It was statistically significant with Co (r = 0.787 P <0.01); Co with Rdc (r = 0.761 P <0.01); Co with Cn (r = 0.832 P <0.01); Co with Gn (r = 0.834 P <0.01); Co with Af (r = 0.796 P <0.01) and Co with Eq (r = 0.820 P <0.01). R2 was 91.8%. According to the predictor of the six variables analyzed the most significant in order of importance were: Af, Se, Gn, Eq, Rdc and Cn, for decision-making. The strengths are that the University is inclusive; its weaknesses are: there is a “vertical” organization and government, fragmenting the unit; threats, disunity and lack of communication; opportunities, its programs are certified and with educational quality.


2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Sonny Harry B. Harmadi ◽  
Bambang P.S. Brodjonegoro

Adanya faktor skala ekonomi dalam pemilihan lokasi menyebabkan beberapa perusahaan yang sejenis memilih berada pada lokasi yang berdekatan, sehingga membawa dampak menurunnya biaya produksi perusahaan. Aglomerasi industri ini dapat menjelaskan mengapa suatu kota memiliki perusahaan yang jenisnya sama lebih dari satu, dan adanya kecenderungan bahwa kota akan berkembang di sekitar lokasi industri. Suatu kota industri yang besar terbentuk karena adanya aglomerasi ekonomi dalam produksi, dimana terdapat dua jenis aglomerasi ekonomi, yaitu localization economies dan urbanization economies.Analisis regresi data panel menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan hasil yang mendasar antara industri dengan klasifikasi ISIC 2 digit dengan industri berdasarkan klasifikasi ISIC 3 digit. Sub-sektor industri di DKI Jakarta yang mengalami aglomerasi industri ialah subsektor Industri Tekstil, Pakaian Jadi, dan Kulit, Industri Kertas dan Barang-Barang dari Kertas, Percetakan dan Penerbitan, Industri Kimia dan Barang-Barang dari Kimia, Petroleum, Batu Bara, Karet, dan Barang dari Plastik, Industri Barang-Barang dari Logam, Mesin dan Perlengkapannya, Industri Pengolahan Lainnya. Sedangkan sub-sektor Industri Makanan, Minuman Serta Tembakau, Industri Kayu dan Barang-Barang dari Kayu, Termasuk Alat-Alat Rumah Tangga dari Kayu, Industri Barang-Barang Galian Bukan Logam, dan Industri Dasar Logam tidak mengalami aglomerasi. Pada golongan pokok industri teridentifikasi tidak terjadi aglomerasi industri.


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