Background: Implementation researchers have sought ways to use simulations to support the core components of implementation, which typically include assessing the need for change, designing implementation strategies, executing the strategies, and evaluating outcomes. The goal of this article is to explain how agent-based modeling could fulfill this role. Methods: We describe agent-based modeling with respect to other simulation methods that have been used in implementation science, using non-technical language that is broadly accessible. We then provide a stepwise procedure for developing agent-based models of implementation processes. We use, as a case study to illustrate the procedure, the implementation of evidence-based smoking cessation practices for persons with serious mental illness (SMI) in community mental health clinics. Results: For our case study, we present descriptions of the motivating research questions, specific models used to answer these questions, and a summary of the insights that can be obtained from the models. In the first example, we use a simple form of agent-based modeling to simulate the observed smoking behaviors of persons with SMI in a recently completed trial (IDEAL, Comprehensive Cardiovascular Risk Reduction Trial in Persons with SMI). In the second example, we illustrate how a more complex agent-based approach that includes interactions between patients, providers, and site administrators can be used to provide guidance for an implementation intervention that includes training and organizational strategies. This example is based in part on an ongoing project focused on scaling up evidence-based tobacco smoking cessation practices in community mental health clinics in Maryland. Conclusion: In this article, we explain how agent-based models can be used to address implementation science research questions and provide a procedure for setting up simulation models. Through our examples, we show how what-if scenarios can be examined in the implementation process, which are particularly useful in implementation frameworks with adaptive components. Plain Language Summary: The goal of this paper is to explain how agent-based modeling could be used as a supplementary tool to support the components of complex implementation processes. Such models have not yet been widely used in implementation science, partly because they are not straightforward to develop. To promote the use of agent-based modeling we provide a stepwise procedure using non-technical language and emphasizing the relationships between the model and implementation processes. We used two detailed examples to demonstrate our proposed approach. In the first example, we simulate the observed smoking behaviors of persons with serious mental illness in a recently completed trial (IDEAL, Comprehensive Cardiovascular Risk Reduction Trial in Persons with Serious Mental Illness). In the second example, we illustrate how agent-based models that include interactions between patients, providers and site administrators can be used to provide guidance for an implementation intervention that includes training and organizational strategies. This example is based in part on an ongoing project focused on scaling up evidence-based tobacco smoking cessation practices in community mental health clinics in Maryland. For this example, we show how the visual user interface of an agent-based model can be in the form of a dashboard with levers for simulating what-if scenarios that can be used to guide implementation decisions. In summary, this paper shows how agent-based models can provide insights into the processes in complex interventions, and guide implementation decisions for improving delivery of evidence-based practices in community mental health clinics.
The Effectiveness of Spiritual Psychotherapy on Patients with Mental Disorders: A Systematic Review
