scholarly journals Exogenous Vitamin D3 Modulates Response of Bovine Macrophages to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Infection and Is Dependent Upon Stage of Johne’s Disease

2022 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor L. T. Wherry ◽  
Rohana Dassanayake ◽  
Eduardo Casas ◽  
Shankumar Mooyottu ◽  
John P. Bannantine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Surface Expression ◽  
Mucosal Inflammation ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Nitrite Production ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp Paratuberculosis

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of ruminant enteritis, targets intestinal macrophages. During infection, macrophages contribute to mucosal inflammation and development of granulomas in the small intestine which worsens as disease progression occurs. Vitamin D3 is an immunomodulatory steroid hormone with beneficial roles in host-pathogen interactions. Few studies have investigated immunologic roles of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) in cattle, particularly cattle infected with MAP. This study examined the effects of exogenous vitamin D3 on immune responses of monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs) isolated from dairy cattle naturally infected with MAP. MDMs were pre-treated with ± 100 ng/ml 25(OH)D3 or ± 4 ng/ml 1,25(OH)2D3, then incubated 24 hrs with live MAP in the presence of their respective pre-treatment concentrations. Following treatment with either vitamin D3 analog, phagocytosis of MAP by MDMs was significantly greater in clinically infected animals, with a greater amount of live and dead bacteria. Clinical cows had significantly less CD40 surface expression on MDMs compared to subclinical cows and noninfected controls. 1,25(OH)2D3 also significantly increased nitrite production in MAP infected cows. 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment played a key role in upregulating secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-12 while downregulating IL-10, IL-6, and IFN-γ. 1,25(OH)2D3 also negatively regulated transcripts of CYP24A1, CYP27B1, DEFB7, NOS2, and IL10. Results from this study demonstrate that vitamin D3 compounds, but mainly 1,25(OH)2D3, modulate both pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses in dairy cattle infected with MAP, impacting the bacterial viability within the macrophage.

scholarly journals Vitamin D upregulates the macrophage complement receptor immunoglobulin in innate immunity to microbial pathogens

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annabelle G. Small ◽  
Sarah Harvey ◽  
Jaspreet Kaur ◽  
Trishni Putty ◽  
Alex Quach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Surface Expression ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Cell Surface Expression ◽  
Complement Receptor ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Dihydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Multistep Process ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D

AbstractVitamin D deficiency remains a global concern. This ‘sunshine’ vitamin is converted through a multistep process to active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D), the final step of which can occur in macrophages. Here we demonstrate a role for vitamin D in innate immunity. The expression of the complement receptor immunoglobulin (CRIg), which plays an important role in innate immunity, is upregulated by 1,25D in human macrophages. Monocytes cultured in 1,25D differentiated into macrophages displaying increased CRIg mRNA, protein and cell surface expression but not in classical complement receptors, CR3 and CR4. This was associated with increases in phagocytosis of complement opsonised Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Treating macrophages with 1,25D for 24 h also increases CRIg expression. While treating macrophages with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 does not increase CRIg expression, added together with the toll like receptor 2 agonist, triacylated lipopeptide, Pam3CSK4, which promotes the conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to 1,25D, leads to an increase in CRIg expression and increases in CYP27B1 mRNA. These findings suggest that macrophages harbour a vitamin D-primed innate defence mechanism, involving CRIg.

scholarly journals Self-assembled particulate vaccine elicits strong immune responses and reduces Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep K. Gupta ◽  
Natalie A. Parlane ◽  
Dongwen Luo ◽  
Bernd H. A. Rehm ◽  
Axel Heiser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Fusion Protein ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Multiple Organs ◽  
T Cell Immune Responses ◽  
Protein Particle ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp Paratuberculosis ◽  
Eventual Death ◽  
Fusion Antigen

AbstractMycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes chronic progressive granulomatous enteritis leading to diarrhoea, weight loss, and eventual death in ruminants. Commercially available vaccines provide only partial protection against MAP infection and can compromise the use of bovine tuberculosis diagnostic tests. Here, we report the development of a protein-particle-based vaccine containing MAP antigens Ag85A202–347-SOD1–72-Ag85B173–330-74F1–148+669–786 as a fusion (‘MAP fusion protein particle’). The fusion antigen displayed on protein particles was identified using mass spectrometry. Surface exposure and accessibility of the fusion antigen was confirmed by flow cytometry and ELISA. The MAP fusion protein particle vaccine induced strong antigen-specific T-cell immune responses in mice, as indicated by increased cytokine (IFN-γ and IL-17A) and costimulatory signals (CD40 and CD86) in these animals. Following MAP-challenge, a significant reduction in bacterial burden was observed in multiple organs of the mice vaccinated with the MAP fusion protein particle vaccine compared with the PBS group. The reduction in severity of MAP infection conferred by the MAP fusion protein particle vaccine was similar to that of Silirum and recombinant protein vaccines. Overall, the results provide evidence that MAP antigens can be engineered as a protein particulate vaccine capable of inducing immunity against MAP infection. This utility offers an attractive platform for production of low-cost particulate vaccines against other intracellular pathogens.

scholarly journals Oral and Topical Vitamin D, Sunshine, and UVB Phototherapy Safely Control Psoriasis in Patients with Normal Pretreatment Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations: A Literature Review and Discussion of Health Implications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J McCullough ◽  
William McCullough ◽  
Douglas Lehrer MD ◽  
Jeffrey Travers MD ◽  
Steven Repas
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Optimal Health ◽  
Significant Clinical Improvement ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Uvb Exposure ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Sufficient Vitamin ◽  
Uvb Phototherapy

Vitamin D, sunshine and UVB phototherapy were first reported in the early 1900s to control psoriasis, cure rickets and cure tuberculosis (TB). Vitamin D also controlled asthma and rheumatoid arthritis with intakes ranging from 60,000 to 600,000 International Units (IU)/day. In the 1980s interest in treating psoriasis with vitamin D rekindled. Since 1985 four different oral forms of vitamin D (D2, D3, 1-hydroxyvitaminD3 (1(OH)D3) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitaminD3 (calcitriol)) and several topical formulations have been reported safe and effective treatments for psoriasis—as has UVB phototherapy and sunshine. In this review we show that many pre-treatment serum 25(OH)D concentrations fall within the current range of normal, while many post-treatment concentrations fall outside the upper limit of this normal (100 ng/ml). Yet, psoriasis patients showed significant clinical improvement without complications using these treatments. Current estimates of vitamin D sufficiency appear to underestimate serum 25(OH)D concentrations required for optimal health in psoriasis patients, while concentrations associated with adverse events appear to be much higher than current estimates of safe serum 25(OH)D concentrations. Based on these observations, the therapeutic index for vitamin D needs to be reexamined in the treatment of psoriasis and other diseases strongly linked to vitamin D deficiency, including COVID-19 infections, which may also improve safely with sufficient vitamin D intake or UVB exposure.

scholarly journals Molecular characterization of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in dairy cattle of Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 212-217
Author(s):  
S. Singh ◽  
◽  
I. P. Dhakal ◽  
U. M. Singh ◽  
B. Devkota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis ◽  
Restriction Endonuclease Analysis ◽  
Cattle Population ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp Paratuberculosis ◽  
Specific Sequences

Paratuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), is an economically important, endemic in many parts of the globe, and regarded as high prevalent disease of domestic and wild animals, especially ruminants, which is manifest as chronic granulomatous enteritis with decreased milk production, with serious cases resulting in progressive emaciation and death. Understanding the genetic variability of MAP, strains are important in diagnosis, epidemiological investigation, and therefore the formation of strategies for prevention and control of the disease. Thus, this study was designed to grasp the molecular characterization of MAP isolates of Nepal, as pioneer research of this area. Total of 46 MAP isolates obtained from cattle population of three different locations of dairy pocket areas of Chitwan, Nepal were typed using IS1311 polymerase chain reaction-restriction endonuclease analysis (PCR-REA) to research the MAP genotype of Nepal. The extracted DNA samples (n=46) were analyzed for the presence of MAP specific sequences (IS900) using PCR and DNA samples were further subjected to genotype differentiation using IS1311 PCR-REA and IS1311 L2 PCR-REA methods. All the DNA samples were positive for the entire three MAP specific sequences based PCRs. This study revealed that ‘Bison type’ strain is the single most prevalent MAP genotype circulating within the domestic cattle population of Nepal. IS1311 PCR-REA showed that MAP DNA samples of Nepal origin belonged to ‘Bison type’, whereas, IS1311 L2 PCR-REA method showed similarity with "Indian Bison type" and different restriction profiles of ‘Bison type’ genotype as compared to non-Indian strains. The study concludes that in Nepal, "Bison type" MAP stains was prevalent in all the MAP samples obtained from dairy cattle. These results have important epidemiological implications regarding control and prevention of paratuberculosis in Nepal.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document