Vocabulary Growth in Lexical Categories Between Ages 13 and 24 Months as a Function of the Child’s Sex, Child, and Family Factors

We examined the vocabulary growth of lexical categories in 719 children (age 13–24 months) as part of a longitudinal cohort study (the STEPS Study) and found a discrepancy in how these categories were affected depending on the child’s sex. In girls, attending day care at 24 months of age predicted a positive vocabulary growth in the lexical categories sound effects, nouns, people, and games and routines, compared to girls staying at home. Firstborn girls had a greater vocabulary growth in descriptive and function words, in contrast to those born later. A boy attending day care at age 24 months was likely to have greater growth in sound effects and animal sounds, compared to boys not in day care. A family history of late onset of speech predicted less vocabulary growth in all lexical categories in boys, except for sound effects and animal sounds. Early vocabulary is of importance for later language and literacy development. Vocabulary is not an impenetrable entirety but consists of various types of words (lexical categories) developing at different tempos as they contribute to the developing language. Factors influencing early vocabulary development in boys and girls have been painstakingly studied, but fewer have examined these factors across lexical categories, let alone whether they have an equal effect in both sexes. More knowledge of what affects the variation in early vocabulary in boys and girls is needed for clinical practice and preventive purposes. Vocabulary was measured with the Finnish version of the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory. The effect of child and family factors on vocabulary growth in various lexical categories was analyzed separately for boys and girls using structural equational modelling. The results of the present study indicate that vocabulary development in the lexical categories is affected differently by child and parental factors in girls and boys as early as the second year of life, which gives new insights into the factors that need consideration in clinical practice and preventive work.

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Anatomy for Dental Students

10.1093/oso/9780199234462.001.0001 ◽

2013 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Martin E. Atkinson

Keyword(s):

Clinical Practice ◽

Dental Students ◽

Multiple Choice Questions ◽

Developmental Anatomy ◽

Form And Function ◽

Full Color ◽

Online Resource ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

And Function ◽

Key Resources

Anatomy for Dental Students, Fourth Edition, demonstrates and explains all the anatomy needed for a modern dentistry undergraduate course. This text covers developmental anatomy, the thorax, the central nervous system, and the head and neck with an emphasis on the practical application of anatomical knowledge. This new edition has been extensively revised and updated in line with contemporary teaching and dental practice. Over 300 new full color diagrams map all the anatomical regions that dental students need to know, while the lively and accesible text guides the reader's learning. Throughout Clinical Application Boxes demonstrate how the form and function of anatomy have consequences for clinical practice. Sidelines boxes contain additional descriptions for key anatomical structures. This text is supported by an Online Resource Centre with multiple choice questions, drag and drop figure exercises, and links to key resources to help readers to consolidate and extend their knowledge of anatomy. Anatomy for Dental Students brings together anatomical structure, function, and their relationship to clinical practice, making it ideal for dental students.

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Influences of the home language and literacy environment on Spanish and English vocabulary growth among dual language learners

Early Childhood Research Quarterly ◽

10.1016/j.ecresq.2021.05.002 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 ◽

pp. 27-39

Author(s):

J. Marc Goodrich ◽

Christopher J. Lonigan ◽

Beth M. Phillips ◽

JoAnn M. Farver ◽

Kimberly D. Wilson

Keyword(s):

Language Learners ◽

Dual Language ◽

Home Language ◽

Dual Language Learners ◽

Language And Literacy ◽

Literacy Environment ◽

Vocabulary Growth

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Abstract P135: Hyperpolarized Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Reveals Early- and Late-Onset Changes to Metabolism in the Failing Heart

Circulation Research ◽

10.1161/res.109.suppl_1.ap135 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 109 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Marie Schroeder ◽

Angus Z Lau ◽

Albert P Chen ◽

Jennifer Barry ◽

Damian J Tyler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Late Onset ◽

Krebs Cycle ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Cine Mri ◽

Cardiac Structure ◽

End Diastolic Volume ◽

Myocardial Energetics ◽

And Function

Disordered metabolic substrate utilisation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of heart failure (HF). Hyperpolarised (HYP) 13C magnetic resonance, a technique in which the fate of 13C-labelled metabolites can be followed using MR imaging or spectroscopy, has enabled non-invasive assessment of metabolism. The aim of this study was to monitor carbohydrate metabolism alongside cardiac structure, function, and energetics, throughout HF progression. HF was induced in pigs (n=5) by right ventricular pacing at 188 bpm for 5 weeks. Pigs were examined at weekly time points: cine MRI assessed cardiac structure and function, HYP 13C2-pyruvate was administered intravenously and 13C MRS was used to assess 13C-glutamate production via Krebs cycle, 31P MRS assessed myocardial energetics, and HYP 13C1-pyruvate was administered to enable MRI of H13CO3- production from pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). At baseline, pigs had a normal left ventricular (LV) cardiac index (CI) and end diastolic volume (EDVi). The PCr/ATP was 2.3 ± 0.2. The 13C-glutamate/13C2-pyruvate was 4.3 ± 0.9%, and the H13CO3-/13C1-pyruvate ratio was 1.6 ± 0.2%. After 1–2 weeks of pacing, CI decreased to 3.3 ± 0.5 l/min/m2, PCr/ATP decreased to 1.7 ± 0.1, and 13C-glutamate/13C2-pyruvate decreased to 2.1 ± 0.6%. With the onset of HF, EDVi increased to 140.3 ± 14.1 ml/m2 and H13CO3-/13C1-pyruvate decreased to 0.5 ± 0.2%. In conclusion, we observed an early defect in Krebs' cycle that occurred alongside impaired cardiac energetics and function. Carbohydrate oxidation via PDH was maintained until the onset of HF. These results encourage use of metabolic therapies to delay/prevent the onset of heart failure in patients.

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MP-11.06: Testosterone Replacement Therapy with Gel (Tostrex®) in Clinical Practice has a High Compliance One Year after Treatment Initiation in Males with Late Onset Hypogonadism

Urology ◽

10.1016/j.urology.2009.07.911 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 74 (4) ◽

pp. S95

Author(s):

C. Ljunggren ◽

H. Hedelin ◽

P. Stroberg

Keyword(s):

Clinical Practice ◽

Replacement Therapy ◽

Treatment Initiation ◽

Late Onset ◽

Testosterone Replacement ◽

Testosterone Replacement Therapy ◽

High Compliance ◽

One Year ◽

Late Onset Hypogonadism

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Activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system contributes to oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy through muscle atrophy

PLoS Genetics ◽

10.1371/journal.pgen.1010015 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. e1010015

Author(s):

Cécile Ribot ◽

Cédric Soler ◽

Aymeric Chartier ◽

Sandy Al Hayek ◽

Rima Naït-Saïdi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscular Dystrophy ◽

Muscle Atrophy ◽

Late Onset ◽

Oral Treatment ◽

Ubiquitin Proteasome System ◽

Proteasome Activity ◽

Functional Study ◽

Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy ◽

Ubiquitin Proteasome ◽

And Function

Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) is a late-onset disorder characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of specific muscles. OPMD is due to extension of a polyalanine tract in poly(A) binding protein nuclear 1 (PABPN1). Aggregation of the mutant protein in muscle nuclei is a hallmark of the disease. Previous transcriptomic analyses revealed the consistent deregulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in OPMD animal models and patients, suggesting a role of this deregulation in OPMD pathogenesis. Subsequent studies proposed that UPS contribution to OPMD involved PABPN1 aggregation. Here, we use a Drosophila model of OPMD to address the functional importance of UPS deregulation in OPMD. Through genome-wide and targeted genetic screens we identify a large number of UPS components that are involved in OPMD. Half dosage of UPS genes reduces OPMD muscle defects suggesting a pathological increase of UPS activity in the disease. Quantification of proteasome activity confirms stronger activity in OPMD muscles, associated with degradation of myofibrillar proteins. Importantly, improvement of muscle structure and function in the presence of UPS mutants does not correlate with the levels of PABPN1 aggregation, but is linked to decreased degradation of muscle proteins. Oral treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 is beneficial to the OPMD Drosophila model, improving muscle function although PABPN1 aggregation is enhanced. This functional study reveals the importance of increased UPS activity that underlies muscle atrophy in OPMD. It also provides a proof-of-concept that inhibitors of proteasome activity might be an attractive pharmacological approach for OPMD.

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Consistency and Variability in Children’s Word Learning Across Languages

Open Mind ◽

10.1162/opmi_a_00026 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 52-67 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Mika Braginsky ◽

Daniel Yurovsky ◽

Virginia A. Marchman ◽

Michael C. Frank

Keyword(s):

Word Learning ◽

Large Scale ◽

Parent Report ◽

Corpus Analysis ◽

Function Words ◽

Lexical Categories ◽

Derived Properties ◽

Report Data ◽

And Function

Why do children learn some words earlier than others? The order in which words are acquired can provide clues about the mechanisms of word learning. In a large-scale corpus analysis, we use parent-report data from over 32,000 children to estimate the acquisition trajectories of around 400 words in each of 10 languages, predicting them on the basis of independently derived properties of the words’ linguistic environment (from corpora) and meaning (from adult judgments). We examine the consistency and variability of these predictors across languages, by lexical category, and over development. The patterning of predictors across languages is quite similar, suggesting similar processes in operation. In contrast, the patterning of predictors across different lexical categories is distinct, in line with theories that posit different factors at play in the acquisition of content words and function words. By leveraging data at a significantly larger scale than previous work, our analyses identify candidate generalizations about the processes underlying word learning across languages.

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Neuronal over-expression of Oxr1 is protective against ALS-associated mutant TDP-43 mislocalisation in motor neurons and neuromuscular defects in vivo

Human Molecular Genetics ◽

10.1093/hmg/ddz190 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 28 (21) ◽

pp. 3584-3599 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Matthew G Williamson ◽

Mattéa J Finelli ◽

James N Sleigh ◽

Amy Reddington ◽

David Gordon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Motor Neurons ◽

Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽

Late Onset ◽

Gene Encoding ◽

Over Expression ◽

Neuromuscular Abnormalities ◽

And Function ◽

Lateral Sclerosis

Abstract A common pathological hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the related neurodegenerative disorder frontotemporal dementia, is the cellular mislocalization of transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43). Additionally, multiple mutations in the TARDBP gene (encoding TDP-43) are associated with familial forms of ALS. While the exact role for TDP-43 in the onset and progression of ALS remains unclear, the identification of factors that can prevent aberrant TDP-43 localization and function could be clinically beneficial. Previously, we discovered that the oxidation resistance 1 (Oxr1) protein could alleviate cellular mislocalization phenotypes associated with TDP-43 mutations, and that over-expression of Oxr1 was able to delay neuromuscular abnormalities in the hSOD1G93A ALS mouse model. Here, to determine whether Oxr1 can protect against TDP-43-associated phenotypes in vitro and in vivo, we used the same genetic approach in a newly described transgenic mouse expressing the human TDP-43 locus harbouring an ALS disease mutation (TDP-43M337V). We show in primary motor neurons from TDP-43M337V mice that genetically-driven Oxr1 over-expression significantly alleviates cytoplasmic mislocalization of mutant TDP-43. We also further quantified newly-identified, late-onset neuromuscular phenotypes of this mutant line, and demonstrate that neuronal Oxr1 over-expression causes a significant reduction in muscle denervation and neuromuscular junction degeneration in homozygous mutants in parallel with improved motor function and a reduction in neuroinflammation. Together these data support the application of Oxr1 as a viable and safe modifier of TDP-43-associated ALS phenotypes.

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Nursing Applications in Clinical Practice — Human Structure and Function 2nd edn by Christine Brooker. Mosby International, St Louis, 1998, 584 pages, £18·95, ISBN 0␣7234 2661 9.

Journal of Advanced Nursing ◽

10.1046/j.1365-2648.1999.1013g.x ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 1278-1279

Author(s):

Justus A. Akinsanya

Keyword(s):

Clinical Practice ◽

Structure And Function ◽

And Function

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Hope: Concerning structure and function

Palliative & Supportive Care ◽

10.1017/s1478951504040313 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 229-230 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

SIMON WEIN

Keyword(s):

Clinical Practice ◽

Structure And Function ◽

New Treatment ◽

And Function ◽

Unproven Therapies

There is little convincing agreement in the literature on the definition, measurement, and application of hope. The usual platitude—where there's life, there's hope—does not clarify the confusion, and clinical practice puts paid to a simplistic approach to hope.A 28 year-old man with widespread melanoma is hoping the doctor will offer him a new treatment. He hopes he will marry and have a family. The hopes to us are unrealistic—but for him they are tangible, the stuff of life, the dreams that keep him going. What should clinicians do with this man's hopes? Should we support him medically, for the sake of hope? Does hoping prolong life against death? Should we encourage unproven therapies as elixirs of hope? When hope clashes with reality and causes angst, is it better to jettison hope, or reality? What does acceptance of death mean in terms of hope? What can it mean to live without hope?

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