scholarly journals Turning Water Abundance Into Sustainability in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinicius F. Farjalla ◽  
Aliny P. F. Pires ◽  
Angelo A. Agostinho ◽  
André M. Amado ◽  
Reinaldo L. Bozelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
Water Abundance ◽  
Hydrokinetic Turbines ◽  
Novel Strategy ◽  
Management And Conservation

Brazil is a powerhouse in terms of water resources, which are instrumental to the country’s transition to sustainability. However, to realize this potential, substantial management and conservation hurdles must first be overcome. We propose a novel strategy for the use, management, and conservation of Brazilian water resources. Our approach recognizes the spatial heterogeneity of water abundance and is based on a multisectoral perspective, including energy, food, sanitation, and environmental conservation. The main recommendations are to adopt low-cost local and subnational solutions and to design policy mixes, both based on the logic of the nexus water-food-energy-ecosystem. We offer as examples programs that 1) increase cistern infrastructure in drylands, 2) use constructed wetlands to improve sewage treatment in small cities and vulnerable areas, 3) turn the focus of conservation to aquatic ecosystems, 4) stimulate the adoption of small hydrokinetic turbines for energy generation in sparsely populated river-abundant regions, such as the Amazon Region, 5) diversify the matrix of renewable energy sources by combining hydropower with biomass and wind energy generation, and 6) mixes policies by integrating multiple sectors to improve regulation, use and management of water resources, such as the Brazilian “Water for All” Program. By following these recommendations, Brazil would align itself with the goals established in international agreements and would turn its abundance of water resources into development opportunities.

Sewage Treatment Challenges and Opportunities in the Nottawasaga River Watershed

1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 733-750
Author(s):  
R. Mark Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resources Management ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Computer Modelling ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Nutrient Inputs ◽  
River Watershed ◽  
Resources Management

Abstract Sewage treatment studies at the watershed scale, compared to case-by-case community projects, ensures the most cost-efficient investment of funds commensurate with environmental requirements to sustain growth. A three-year environmental assessment study for the town of New Tecumseth, Ontario, examined all nutrient inputs to the Nottawasaga River watershed. Other challenging watershed constraints were investigated, such as stream and river flow takings for irrigation and sediment transport, prior to the selection of the master sewage treatment plan. The findings from the field research and computer modelling were used to (1) place a realistic perspective on nutrient impacts, present and future, attributable to treated sewage effluent; (2) design a master plan that could be used as an opportunity in terms of reusing the effluent locally for agricultural irrigation; (3) provide a real-time assurance of the plan’s performance/compliance, based on the actual carrying capacity of the aquatic ecosystem; (4) stage the construction of the plan in a cost-effective and environmentally sound manner; and (5) recommend a water resources management strategy to control other nutrient and sediment load sources within the watershed. The recommended master sewage treatment plan and water resources management strategy can restore the Ministry of Environment and Energy provincial water quality objective concentration for total phosphorus within the river during 7Q20 flow conditions.

Evaluation model of policy scenarios for basin-wide water resources and quality management in the tone river, Japan

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 59-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Aramaki ◽  
T. Matsuo
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Quality Management ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
River Basin Management ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Basin Management ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Domestic Use ◽  
Reservoir Construction

The objective of this study is to evaluate the conceptual scenarios of various water resources and quality management on the same level of policy decisions for optimizing river basin management. First, the water and pollutants balance model in the upper reaches of the Tone River is proposed. This model has the following characteristics: (1) Water quantity and quality at various target points of the rivers are estimated simultaneously, with a statistical evaluation for the uncertainty of hydrological events; (2) The management scenarios include selection of water savings in domestic use, reservoir construction, the expansion of sewerage coverage and so on. Several interesting results supporting policy making are obtained as follows: (1) Fifteen percent reduction in domestic use is sufficient as a substitute for new reservoir; (2) the expansion of sewage coverage in the upper reaches has large effects on reduction of BOD and COD, but the nutrient removal process should be introduced in sewage treatment plants for reduction of TN and TP.

Flywheel energy storage systems and their applications in power engineering

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 26-34
Author(s):  
Vladimir Poltavets ◽  
Irina Kolchanova
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Storage Systems ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Flywheel Energy Storage ◽  
Energy Storage Systems ◽  
Continuous Growth

The continuous growth of renewable energy sources has drastically changed the paradigm of electric energy generation and distribution. Flywheel energy storage systems are a clean and efficient method to level supply and demand in energy grids, including those incorporating renewable energy generation. Environmental safety, resilience, high power capacity and quality make flywheel energy storage very promising. This paper contains a review of flywheel energy storage systems, already being in operation, and applications of flywheel energy storage in general.

scholarly journals Underwater Power Kites

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (06) ◽  
pp. 38-43
Author(s):  
David J. Olinger
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Power Grid ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Turbine Generator ◽  
Research Teams ◽  
Offshore Wind Turbines ◽  
Hydrokinetic Turbines ◽  
Available Technology ◽  
Economic Analyses ◽  
The Cost

This article discusses different features of underwater kites and its advantages in the turbine industry. The underwater kite moves fastest when it slaloms through the current in this way, much like a water skier. Electricity generated by the mounted turbine generator is transmitted along the tether to a moored, floating buoy, and then onto the power grid. This concept, now known as the Tethered Undersea Kite (TUSK), was first conceived by Magnus Landberg, a researcher in Sweden, in 2007. Underwater kites look to be feasible to build using commercial available technology. According to economic analyses conducted by other research teams, TUSK systems may be able to produce electricity at about half the current cost for fixed hydrokinetic turbines, and a bit below the cost of the power produced by offshore wind turbines. Those researchers attribute the lower costs to improved power-to-weight ratios derived from replacing the inner blades and support tower of a traditional turbine with a lightweight, low-cost tether.

scholarly journals THE PROVISIONS OF WATER AND GARBAGE POLLUTION IN STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT, 1974: A VIEW IN ISLAMIC LAW

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Basir Mohamad
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Paper Analysis ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Rights And Interests

The statute relating to environmental conservation plays an important role to protect water and garbage pollution. The establishment and enforcement of the Street, Drainage and Building Act 1974 is to protect the people’s rights and interests in order to safeguard the environment from being polluted. There are a few provisions in this Act relating to water and garbage pollution and protection of water resources from any pollution. Therefore, this article will examine the provisions in relation to water and garbage pollution in the Act and then identify similar discussions in Islamic law, which deal with the protection of water and garbage pollution. A qualitative method is used to obtain data for this paper. Analysis of documents from primary and secondary sources was executed inductively, deductively and comparatively using the Act and Islamic reference sources which was then documented in a descriptive report.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Fee-to-Tax Reform on Water Resources in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zi-Rui Chen ◽  
Yuan Yuan ◽  
Xu Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Cost Difference ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
The Cost

The Resource Tax Law was officially implemented on September 1, 2020, in China. This law presents the “Fee-to-Tax” reform of water resources. This article compares the effects of the “Fee-to-Tax” reform under asymmetric duopoly conditions with perfect information. The mechanisms of the two policies are different when all firms simultaneously respond to water resources: the water resource fee affects output by reducing market size, while the water resource tax reduces output by amplifying the weighted cost difference effects between companies. Water resource taxes work better than fees for eliminating backward production capacity. A comparison of the situation when companies respond sequentially is also carried out. When a low-cost firm is in the leading position, the collection of fees actually reduces the output difference, whereas the tax improves it. When a high-cost firm acts as a leader, the effects depend on the cost difference. When the cost difference between firms is small, the first-move advantage of high-cost firms dominates the cost advantages of low-cost firms. Therefore, a higher tax rate yields a smaller output difference. When cost differences are relatively larger, the cost advantage of low-cost firms dominates the first-move advantage of high-cost firms. As the operational cost for reducing water consumption increases, the reduced water consumption first increases and then decreases.

scholarly journals Pretreatments of lignocellulosic feedstock for bioethanol production

2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zlatica Predojevic
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Environment Protection ◽  
Lignocellulosic Feedstock ◽  
Lignocellulosic Feedstocks

The use of renewable energy sources (biofuels), either as a component in the conventional fossil fuels, gasoline and diesel, or as a pure biofuel, contributes to energy saving and decrease of total CO2 emission. The use of bioethanol mixed with gasoline significantly decreases gasoline consumption and contributes to environment protection. One of the problems in the production of bioethanol is the availability of sugar and starch based feedstock used for its production. However, lignocellulosic feedstocks are becoming more significant in the production of bioethanol due to their availability and low cost. The aim of this study is to point out the advantages and shortcomings of pretreatment processes and hydrolyses of lignocellulosic feedstocks that precede their fermentation to bioethanol.

scholarly journals Development of a Low-Cost Data Acquisition System for Very Short-Term Photovoltaic Power Forecasting

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (19) ◽  
pp. 6075
Author(s):  
Guilherme Fonseca Bassous ◽  
Rodrigo Flora Calili ◽  
Carlos Hall Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Acquisition System ◽  
Time Operation ◽  
Detection Point ◽  
Real Time Operation ◽  
Forecast Models ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
Power Forecasting

The rising adoption of renewable energy sources means we must turn our eyes to limitations in traditional energy systems. Intermittency, if left unaddressed, may lead to several power-quality and energy-efficiency issues. The objective of this work is to develop a working tool to support photovoltaic energy forecast models for real-time operation applications. The current paradigm of intra-hour solar-power forecasting is to use image-based approaches to predict the state of cloud composition for short time horizons. Since the objective of intra-minute forecasting is to address high-frequency intermittency, data must provide information on and surrounding these events. For that purpose, acquisition by exception was chosen as the guiding principle. The system performs power measurements at 1 Hz frequency, and whenever it detects variations over a certain threshold, it saves the data 10 s before and 4 s after the detection point. A multilayer perceptron neural network was used to determine its relevance to the forecasting problem. With a thorough selection of attributes and network structures, the results show very low error with R2 greater than 0.93 for both input variables tested with a time horizon of 60 s. In conclusion, the data provided by the acquisition system yielded relevant information for forecasts up to 60 s ahead.

scholarly journals Development of a Micro grid with Renewable Energy Sources with Feedback Controller

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 2014-2018
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Industrial Projects ◽  
Micro Grid

To make micro grid with renewable energy and to over come the technical challenges and economy base and policy and regulatory challenges . From the natural wastage we can generate the Electricity. Thus, the Electrical Power or Electricity is available with a low cost and pollution free to anyplace in the world at all times. This process divulge a unequaled step in electricity generation and this type of generation is maintain the ecological balance. We can have an uninterrupted power supply irrespective of the natural condition without any kind of environmental pollution. More influence this process relent the less production cost for electricity generation. Micro grids have long been used in remote areas to power off-grid villages, military operations or industrial projects. But increasingly they are being used in cities or towns, in urban centers. Here we try a proto type of micro grid with renewable energy sources.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Fee-to-Tax Reform on Water Resources in China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zi-rui Chen ◽  
Pu-yan Nie
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Cost Difference ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Resource Policy ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background: The Resource Tax Law has been officially implemented on September 1, 2020 in China. This law presents the “Fee-to-Tax” reform of water resources. Methods: This article compares the effects of the “Fee-to-Tax” reform under an asymmetric duopoly with perfect information. Results: First, an analysis when all firms simultaneously respond to the water resource policy is conducted. The mechanisms of the two policies are different: the water resource fee affects output by reducing market size, while the water resource tax reduces output by amplifying the weighted cost difference effects between companies. It is shown that the tax works better than the fee for eliminating backward production capacity. Then, a comparison of the situation when companies respond sequentially is carried out. When a low-cost firm is in the leading position, the collection of fees actually reduces the output difference, whereas the tax improves it. When a high-cost firm acts as a leader, the effects depend on the cost difference. When the cost difference between firms is small, the first-move advantage of high-cost firms dominates the cost advantages of low-cost firms. Therefore, a higher tax rate yields a smaller output difference. Conclusions: When cost differences are relatively larger, the cost advantage of low-cost firms dominates the first-move advantage of high-cost firms. Therefore, the “Fee-to-Tax” reform provides some benefits to maintain the environmental development of some water-mining or related industries.

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