scholarly journals Analysis of the Fee-to-Tax Reform on Water Resources in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zi-Rui Chen ◽  
Yuan Yuan ◽  
Xu Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Cost Difference ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
The Cost

The Resource Tax Law was officially implemented on September 1, 2020, in China. This law presents the “Fee-to-Tax” reform of water resources. This article compares the effects of the “Fee-to-Tax” reform under asymmetric duopoly conditions with perfect information. The mechanisms of the two policies are different when all firms simultaneously respond to water resources: the water resource fee affects output by reducing market size, while the water resource tax reduces output by amplifying the weighted cost difference effects between companies. Water resource taxes work better than fees for eliminating backward production capacity. A comparison of the situation when companies respond sequentially is also carried out. When a low-cost firm is in the leading position, the collection of fees actually reduces the output difference, whereas the tax improves it. When a high-cost firm acts as a leader, the effects depend on the cost difference. When the cost difference between firms is small, the first-move advantage of high-cost firms dominates the cost advantages of low-cost firms. Therefore, a higher tax rate yields a smaller output difference. When cost differences are relatively larger, the cost advantage of low-cost firms dominates the first-move advantage of high-cost firms. As the operational cost for reducing water consumption increases, the reduced water consumption first increases and then decreases.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Fee-to-Tax Reform on Water Resources in China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zi-rui Chen ◽  
Pu-yan Nie
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Cost Difference ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Resource Policy ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background: The Resource Tax Law has been officially implemented on September 1, 2020 in China. This law presents the “Fee-to-Tax” reform of water resources. Methods: This article compares the effects of the “Fee-to-Tax” reform under an asymmetric duopoly with perfect information. Results: First, an analysis when all firms simultaneously respond to the water resource policy is conducted. The mechanisms of the two policies are different: the water resource fee affects output by reducing market size, while the water resource tax reduces output by amplifying the weighted cost difference effects between companies. It is shown that the tax works better than the fee for eliminating backward production capacity. Then, a comparison of the situation when companies respond sequentially is carried out. When a low-cost firm is in the leading position, the collection of fees actually reduces the output difference, whereas the tax improves it. When a high-cost firm acts as a leader, the effects depend on the cost difference. When the cost difference between firms is small, the first-move advantage of high-cost firms dominates the cost advantages of low-cost firms. Therefore, a higher tax rate yields a smaller output difference. Conclusions: When cost differences are relatively larger, the cost advantage of low-cost firms dominates the first-move advantage of high-cost firms. Therefore, the “Fee-to-Tax” reform provides some benefits to maintain the environmental development of some water-mining or related industries.

Current Situation in Irrigation in the Republic of Serbia

2013 ◽  
pp. 123-139
Author(s):  
Nataša Kljajic ◽  
Predrag Vukovic ◽  
Slavica Arsic
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Technical Equipment ◽  
New Production ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
The Republic

The current situation in irrigation in Serbia, observed through total number of irrigation systems, in other words through areas where those systems were constructed, is not satisfactory—neither according to range, nor according to technical equipment and the level of their use. The level of development that has been reached does not satisfy the requirements of stable and efficient agricultural production. Irrigation has not been applied properly in our agriculture because every time when a bumper crop year happens, irrigation is delayed. Irrigation is applied to less than 1% of cultivable soil in the Republic of Serbia. A few very successful results in agricultural production where irrigation was applied point out the perspective on irrigation in Serbia. In the development of irrigation, the priority should be given to renovation of old and construction of new small and big systems, to making changes in structures of production in agriculture, to modernization of mechanization and creation of economic conditions necessary for the use of old and construction of new production capacity aiming to increase employment. Because of the fact that Serbia is poor in water resources of its own, as well as that transit water becomes more and more uncertain in the future regarding its quality and quantity, planned rationalization of water consumption must be one of strategic points for future development in Serbia, as well as obligatory reduction in specific water consumption in all spheres of its use.

scholarly journals Low-Cost Automation for Hydrological Monitoring in Water Resources Management

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Luis Hamilton Pospissil Garbossa ◽  
André Luis Novaes ◽  
Katt Regina Lapa
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Small Rivers ◽  
Excellent Correlation ◽  
Monitoring Equipment ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Hydrological Monitoring

To properly manage water resources, data acquisition through environmental monitoring is required. However, the cost of professional sophisticated hydrological monitoring equipment may be prohibitive for many locations around the world. This work aims to develop a low-cost data collection platform (L-DCP) to be used to densify the hydrological monitoring network for rainfall, small rivers level and water temperature. Low cost sensors were compared to professional ones and presented an excellent correlation, with the coefficient of determination higher than 0.99 for temperature. The L-DCP was kept activated and collecting data for over 150 days without major problems. The low-cost solution has approximately 9% of the cost of a professional solution.

scholarly journals Influencing Indicators and Quantitative Assessment of Water Resources Security in Karst Region Based on PSER Model—The Case of Guizhou

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 5671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhou ◽  
Su ◽  
Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Guizhou Province ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Water Resource Security ◽  
Resource Security

An important basis to achieve a sustainable balance between water availability and demand is effectively identifying the factors affecting water resource security and evaluating the effectiveness of existing water resource management measures. To reasonably evaluate water resource security in Guizhou Province, this study combined the water resource security features, selected the indicator system based on the Press–Status–Effect–Response (PSER) framework, and used Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and grey correlation analysis for the province from 2001 to 2015. This allowed us to identify the main driving factors affecting water resource security. The results showed that: (1) Water resource security in Guizhou Province showed an overall trend of improvement from 2001 to 2015 and reached a maximum index of 0.57 in 2015. This amelioration in water security was mainly due to the continuous improvement of the response and effect subgroup as a result of improvements in its existing subgroup factors (policies), such as water consumption per unit of gross domestic product (GDP), the proportion of water conservancy investment, and the proportion of the tertiary industry. Increased water stress due to rapid economic development, such as water supply for the reservoir, and the instability of the status subgroup, were the main factors negatively affecting water resource security. (2) Reduction of water consumption per USD of industrial value added, the control force of water and soil erosion being strengthened, and investment in water resources being increased, are the key factors for achieving water resource security in Guizhou during this period of rapid social and economic development. This indicates that the existing water resource management measures have been improving water resource security. The management measures need to be further improved in the future to protect water resource.

scholarly journals Water footprint assessment of viscose staple fiber garments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiran Qian ◽  
Juxiang Zhu ◽  
Fangli Chen ◽  
Xiang Ji ◽  
Xiaopeng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Environmental Load ◽  
Staple Fiber ◽  
Wastewater Discharge ◽  
Finishing Processes

Abstract The viscose fiber industry forms a large part of the textile industry and is a typical water consumption and wastewater discharge industry. As a tool to quantify environmental impacts in terms of water resources, the water footprint assessment (WFA) is a control method for the textile and apparel industry to measure water consumption and wastewater discharge. In this study, the water footprints of viscose staple fiber blouses and blended men's suits were comprehensively evaluated based on the ISO 14046 standard and the life cycle assessment (LCA) polygon method. The WFA results from our study indicate that the production stage of viscose staple fiber garments has the most significant water resource environmental load. Specifically, the water footprint related to the production of viscose staple fiber for three types of clothing accounted for more than 50% of the total water footprint, with men's 100% viscose staple fiber suits having the largest impact on water resources and the environment. Furthermore, our results indicate that the water alkaline footprint is primarily influenced by the viscose staple fiber production as well as the dyeing and finishing processes. NaOH and Na2CO3 are the main pollutants that caused the water alkaline footprint. In addition, the water ecotoxicity footprint was the major driving factor of water resource environmental load. Zn2+ is the main pollutant that caused the water ecotoxicity footprint.

scholarly journals Technology Licensing between Rival Firms in Presence of Asymmetric Information

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neelanjan Sen ◽  
Sukanta Bhattacharya
Keyword(s):  
Asymmetric Information ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Technology Licensing ◽  
Cournot Duopoly ◽  
Cost Difference ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Rival Firms ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Duopoly Market ◽  
Fixed Fee

AbstractThis paper investigates the possibility of licensing between rival firms in a Cournot duopoly market. Unlike Heywood, Li, and Ye (2014. “Per Unit vs. Ad Valorem Royalties under Asymmetric Information.” International Journal of Industrial Organization 37:38–46), the cost information of the licensee is private in the pre-licensing stage. If inspection of the licensee’s technology is not possible by the licensor i) technology is never transferred from the low-cost firm (licensor) to the high-cost firm (licensee) via fixed-fee and ii) in the case of royalty licensing technology will be transferred only if the cost difference between the firms is sufficiently high. Moreover, under fixed-fee and royalty licensing, the licensee will always allow the licensor to inspect its technology, if inspection is possible. If inspection is undertaken by the licensor, technology will be transferred i) if the cost difference is low via fixed fee and ii) always via royalty.

Energy and resource saving timber drying

10.12737/6288 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-204
Author(s):  
Курьянова ◽  
Tatyana Kuryanova ◽  
Платонов ◽  
Aleksey Platonov ◽  
Киселева ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Natural Wood ◽  
Drying Section ◽  
The Cost

Need of small woodworking companies in the efficient dryers of small capacity is very high. Used in industry dryers are very diverse in types and energy. Given that the processes of hydro-thermal treatment of wood are the most energy-intensive in woodworking technology, solutions to this problem are highly relevant. One of the most promising and low-cost ways is a combined method of drying timber with pre-atmospheric drying of wood. Natural wood drying is cheaper than chamber one. There are no expenses for the coolant, one of the major costs in drying chamber. One of the drawbacks of this dryer is the long duration and dependence on meteorological conditions. The solution to this problem is to create an incentive air circulation for material to be dried. For these purposes, the use of simple and cheap prefabricated elements of flow or dead-end type of shield materials, fitted with a fan, is possible. This design can also be the buffer stock for storing timber. Pre-drying of wood is made to a moisture content of 40-45%. Tests of this design have shown its high efficiency. The duration of subsequent chamber drying in the climatic conditions of Voronezh reduces by an average in 1,5 times, which is also reflected in the cost of the material being dried. In this case, the production capacity of the drying section of the company is increased by 20-35% depending on the species, the cross section of the material, the initial and transition humidity. Reduction of the specific heat consumption per 1 kg of evaporated moisture is about 10%. Drying of the wood becomes more equal, which helps to reduce shrinkage, reduce the value of internal residual stresses, which are one of the indicators of the quality of drying, as well as increased dimensional stability.

Study on Structure Optimization of the Allocation of Water Resources of Minqin Based on Goal Programming

2013 ◽  
Vol 368-370 ◽  
pp. 318-327
Author(s):  
Jian Min Han ◽  
Ren Zhi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Goal Programming ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Industrial Output ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ecological Benefit ◽  
Goal Programming Model

Using the theory of goal programming, this paper studies the optimal allocation schemes for water resource in 2015 of Minqin, by establishing a model of optimized allocation of water resources which aims at the maximization of ecological, economic and social benefits. The results show that:1) In the scheme of the utilization of water resource in Minqin based on the modified goal programming model (Ecological scheme A2), the total water consumption reduces by 35.25%, of which: the consumption for planting reduces by 43.3%, but the consumption for industry increases by 61.78%, and the consumption for the third industry increases by 124.68%. Meanwhile the total planning output value increases by 88.35%, of which: the planting output value reduces by 5.42%, but the industrial output value increases by 159.16%, the third industrial output value increases by 57.06%. Therefore it realizes the minimization of the water resource consumption and achieves the goal of maximizing ecological benefit, economic benefit and social benefit at the same time.2) Reducing the water consumption of planting is the basic approach to achieve the goal of ecosystem comprehensive harness in Minqin basin. Actively promoting and developing the modern animal husbandry, industry and the third industry is the sustainable development direction to achieve maximum economic benefits and social benefits on the premise of ecological protection.

scholarly journals Development of nuclear power as an alternative to fossil fuels

2019 ◽  
pp. 38-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Michalski
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Nuclear Power Generation ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
High Production ◽  
The Cost

Research into environmental pollution and global warming has induced the energy industry and various levels of government to reduce their dependence on fossil fuels, especially coal and oil. One of the options being considered is increasing nuclear power generation, which has the advantage of high production capacity that can be fully utilized, low fuel consumption and low cost relative to the amount of electricity being generated. However, despite technological progress, the share of nuclear energy in the world’s energy mix is decreasing, especially in countries with highly developed economies. The reasons for this are high capital expenditures and their uncontrolled increase, fear of contamination of the natural environment in the event of a failure or terrorist attack as well as difficulties in long-term disposal of radioactive waste. This article analyzes the development of nuclear power as an alternative to fossil fuels in the pursuit of sustainable development, in particular with regard to investment outlays, the cost of generating electricity, environmental protection and security.

The Shared System of Water Resource Information Base on Satellite Communication

2011 ◽  
Vol 403-408 ◽  
pp. 2884-2889
Author(s):  
Ting Ting Zhang ◽  
Mao Tang Li ◽  
Tie Liang Wang ◽  
Xiao Yan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Communication Network ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Satellite Communication ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Information Communication ◽  
Information Base ◽  
Resource Information ◽  
Reliable Performance

This paper analyzes the problems of water resources information communication at present, and then proposes a shared system of water resources information based on satellite communication. This system does not rely on the existing network infrastructure, and it owns equipments to build its own communication network, and then its information is communicated though satellite. So the characteristics of this system is reliable performance, high efficiency, low cost and scalability. This system has been successfully applied into several units.

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