scholarly journals Foraging Small White Butterflies, Pieris rapae, Search Flowers Using Color Vision

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kentaro Arikawa ◽  
Yoshihiro Nakatani ◽  
Hisaharu Koshitaka ◽  
Michiyo Kinoshita
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Color Vision ◽  
Pieris Rapae ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Action Spectrum ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
True Color ◽  
Flower Preference ◽  
Colored Disk

We demonstrate that the small white butterfly, Pieris rapae, uses color vision when searching flowers for foraging. We first trained newly emerged butterflies in a series of indoor behavioral experiments to take sucrose solution on paper disks, colored either blue, green, yellow, or red. After confirming that the butterflies were trained to visit a certain colored disk, we presented all disks simultaneously. The butterflies selected the disk of trained color, even among an array of disks with different shades of gray. We performed the training using monochromatic lights and measured the action spectrum of the feeding behavior to determine the targets’ Pieris-subjective brightness. We used the subjective brightness information to evaluate the behavioral results and concluded that Pieris rapae butterflies discriminate visual stimuli based on the chromatic content independent of the intensity: they have true color vision. We also found that Pieris butterflies innately prefer blue and yellow disks, which appears to match with their flower preference in the field, at least in part.

scholarly journals Studies of the effect of cerebroprotective substances on the course of stress-induced behavioral depression

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-48
Author(s):  
Tamara O. Zaika ◽  
Dmitriy V. Evdokimov ◽  
Igor I. Abramets
Keyword(s):  
Hippocampal Neurons ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Hippocampal Slices ◽  
Chronic Administration ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Behavioral Depression ◽  
Swim Test ◽  
Cerebroprotective Activity

Introduction. Atrophic disturbances of neurons of the limbic structures of the brain, which lead to insufficient regulation of emotions and mood, cause depression. Substances with cerebroprotective activity have the ability to inhibit further development and even reverse atrophic damage to neurons. Materials and methods. Using electrophysiological techniques, the cerebroprotective activity of piracetam, diacamf – (±)-cis-3-(2-benzimidazolyl)-1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentanone-carboxylic acid hydrochloride and the compound R-86, or 3,2’-spiro-pyrrolo-2-oxindole, was investigated in rat hippocampal slices. In behavioral experiments, there was studied the influence of the above substances, which had been administered for 20 days, on the most important manifestations of behavioral depression in rats caused by a five-day swim stress, such as the time of immobilization in the forced swim test and the indicator of preference for consuming sucrose solution. In addition, the influence of piracetam and diacamf was studied on the effects of the classic antidepressant imipramine. Results and discussion. It was found that piracetam, diacamf and the compound R-86 in in vitro studies reduced the damage to the pyramidal hippocampal neurons caused by anoxia and aglycemia, the excitotoxic activity of N-methyl-D-aspartate and oxidative stress when hydrogen peroxide was applied to the slices. Cerebroprotective activity of the test substances, when they are systemically administered for 20 days, is linked with their antidepressant-like effect, which was manifested in a decrease in the immobilization time in the swim test and an increase in the sucrose solution consumption indicator. Co-administration of piracetam in rats potentiated antidepressant activity of imipramine, and diacamf showed additive synergism with the antidepressant. Conclusion. Substances with cerebroprotective activity in their chronic administration may show an antidepressant-like effect. Those that potentiate the action of classical anidepressants can be used in conjunction with antidepressants during episodes of exacerbation of the disease. Less active cerebroprotective drugs can be recommended during remission for its prolongation.

Fish-to-Fish Attraction and the Facilitation of Feeding Behavior as Mediated by Visual Stimuli in Striped Mullet, Mugil cephalus

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 1621-1630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bori L. Olla ◽  
Carol Samet
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Mugil Cephalus ◽  
Pomatomus Saltatrix ◽  
Striped Mullet ◽  
Visual Contact ◽  
Atlantic Mackerel ◽  
Feeding Group ◽  
Tank System

Single juvenile striped mullet, Mugil cephalus, tested in a specially designed experimental tank system, were allowed visual contact with a group of fish located in one of four adjacent tanks. Attraction of mullet isolates was greatest to a group of species mates, and less to bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix, and Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus, groups, respectively.To study the role of visual stimuli in feeding behavior, responses of mullet isolates were measured under three different test conditions: 1) absence of a group of species mates, 2) presence of a feeding group, and 3) presence of a nonfeeding group. Isolates tested in the absence of a group began feeding only after some delay, although the total number of subsequent feeding responses remained high. When isolates viewed a feeding group, the initiation of feeding was greatly facilitated, with the total number of feedings remaining high until the latter part of a test. Isolates viewing a nonfeeding group showed inhibition in the latency to feed as well as a low number of grazing responses. The significance of these observed responses is discussed.

NEW OBSERVATIONS OF PREDATION BY PLANT BUGS (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE)

1986 ◽  
Vol 118 (7) ◽  
pp. 729-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Culliney ◽  
David Pimentel ◽  
Ofelia S. Namuco ◽  
Barbara A. Capwell
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Pieris Rapae ◽  
New York State ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
York State ◽  
Central New York ◽  
Apanteles Glomeratus

During the course of a census of arthropods in a collard crop (Brassica oleraceavar.acephala) (Cruciferae) in central New York State in summer 1985, the authors witnessed frequent incidents of unusual feeding behavior in mirid bugs. In late July and early August, numerous observations were made by three of the authors (TWC, OSN, and BAC) of apparent feeding by nymphal (2nd–4th instar) and adult tarnished plant bugs,Lygus linolaris(Palisot de Beauvois), on cocoons ofApanteles glomeratus(L.), a braconid parasitoid of the imported cabbageworm,Pieris rapae(L.). The predation occurred in a period of unusually highP. rapaepopulation densities (estimated at 150 000 ha−1), whenA. glomeratuscocoons were abundant on collard leaves.

True UV color vision in a female butterfly with two UV opsins

2021 ◽  
Vol 224 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan D. Finkbeiner ◽  
Adriana D. Briscoe
Keyword(s):  
Color Vision ◽  
Color Discrimination ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Heliconius Melpomene ◽  
Opsin Genes ◽  
Behavioral Evidence ◽  
Blue Range ◽  
True Color ◽  
Wing Coloration ◽  
Uv Range

ABSTRACT In true color vision, animals discriminate between light wavelengths, regardless of intensity, using at least two photoreceptors with different spectral sensitivity peaks. Heliconius butterflies have duplicate UV opsin genes, which encode ultraviolet and violet photoreceptors, respectively. In Heliconius erato, only females express the ultraviolet photoreceptor, suggesting females (but not males) can discriminate between UV wavelengths. We tested the ability of H. erato, and two species lacking the violet receptor, Heliconius melpomene and Eueides isabella, to discriminate between 380 and 390 nm, and between 400 and 436 nm, after being trained to associate each stimulus with a sugar reward. We found that only H. erato females have color vision in the UV range. Across species, both sexes show color vision in the blue range. Models of H. erato color vision suggest that females have an advantage over males in discriminating the inner UV-yellow corollas of Psiguria flowers from their outer orange petals. Moreover, previous models ( McCulloch et al., 2017) suggested that H. erato males have an advantage over females in discriminating Heliconius 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-OHK) yellow wing coloration from non-3-OHK yellow wing coloration found in other heliconiines. These results provide some of the first behavioral evidence for female H. erato UV color discrimination in the context of foraging, lending support to the hypothesis ( Briscoe et al., 2010) that the duplicated UV opsin genes function together in UV color vision. Taken together, the sexually dimorphic visual system of H. erato appears to have been shaped by both sexual selection and sex-specific natural selection.

NOISE EFFECTS ON THE ELECTROSENSE-MEDIATED FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF SMALL PADDLEFISH

2001 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
pp. L71-L86 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID F. RUSSELL ◽  
ANNA TUCKER ◽  
BARBARA A. WETTRING ◽  
ALEXANDER B. NEIMAN ◽  
LON WILKENS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Stochastic Resonance ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
Body Motion ◽  
Electrical Noise ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Noise Effects ◽  
Amplitude Noise ◽  
Spatial Range

Weak electrical noise applied in the water around small paddlefish, Polyodon spathula, increases the spatial range over which they can detect and capture planktonic prey (Daphnia), demonstrating stochastic resonance at the level of an animal's feeding behavior. Here we show that optimal-amplitude (~ 0.5 μ V · cm -1) noise causes a fish to prefer more vertical angles of attack when striking at prey, as revealed in polar graphs. Increased spatial range is also seen in horizontal directions, as outlying shoulders in the probability distribution of horizontal strike distances. High levels of noise increased the distance that approaching prey travelled along the rostrum (an elongated appendage anterior to the head, functioning as an electrosensitive antenna), before the fish first showed a visible fin or body motion in response. There was no significant effect of optimal-amplitude noise on the rate of strikes, although high-amplitude noise reduced the strike rate. The behavioral data were confirmed in neurophysiological experiments demonstrating that stochastic resonance occurs in individual electroreceptors, and in fact occurs at a similar optimal noise level as in behavioral experiments. We conclude that stochastic resonance can be demonstrated in the behavior of animals, and that animals can make use of the increased sensory information available during near-threshold environmental noise.

scholarly journals Connectivity between the superior colliculus and the amygdala in humans and macaque monkeys: virtual dissection with probabilistic DTI tractography

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 1947-1962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Rafal ◽  
Kristin Koller ◽  
Janet H. Bultitude ◽  
Paul Mullins ◽  
Robert Ward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Stria Terminalis ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Temporal Horn ◽  
Subcortical Pathway

It has been suggested that some cortically blind patients can process the emotional valence of visual stimuli via a fast, subcortical pathway from the superior colliculus (SC) that reaches the amygdala via the pulvinar. We provide in vivo evidence for connectivity between the SC and the amygdala via the pulvinar in both humans and rhesus macaques. Probabilistic diffusion tensor imaging tractography revealed a streamlined path that passes dorsolaterally through the pulvinar before arcing rostrally to traverse above the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle and connect to the lateral amygdala. To obviate artifactual connectivity with crossing fibers of the stria terminalis, the stria was also dissected. The putative streamline between the SC and amygdala traverses above the temporal horn dorsal to the stria terminalis and is positioned medial to it in humans and lateral to it in monkeys. The topography of the streamline was examined in relation to lesion anatomy in five patients who had previously participated in behavioral experiments studying the processing of emotionally valenced visual stimuli. The pulvinar lesion interrupted the streamline in two patients who had exhibited contralesional processing deficits and spared the streamline in three patients who had no deficit. Although not definitive, this evidence supports the existence of a subcortical pathway linking the SC with the amygdala in primates. It also provides a necessary bridge between behavioral data obtained in future studies of neurological patients, and any forthcoming evidence from more invasive techniques, such as anatomical tracing studies and electrophysiological investigations only possible in nonhuman species.

scholarly journals The effect of evidential impact on perceptual probabilistic judgments

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Mangiarulo ◽  
Stefania Pighin ◽  
Luca Polonio ◽  
Katya Tentori
Keyword(s):  
Posterior Probability ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Geometric Shape ◽  
The Other ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Probability Judgments ◽  
The Impact

In a series of three behavioral experiments, we found a systematic distortion of probability judgments concerning elementary visual stimuli. Participants were briefly shown a set offigures that had two features (e.g., a geometric shape and a color) with two possible valueseach (e.g., triangle or circle and black or white). A figure was then drawn, participants wereinformed about the value of one of its features (e.g., that the figure was a “circle”) and had topredict the value of the other feature (e.g., whether the figure was “black” or “white”). Werepeated this procedure for various sets of figures and, by varying the statistical associationbetween features in the sets, we manipulated the probability of a feature given the evidence ofanother (e.g., the posterior probability of hypothesis “black” given the evidence “circle”) aswell as the support provided by a feature to another (e.g., the impact, or confirmation, of evidence “circle” on the hypothesis “black”). Results indicated that participants’ judgments weredeeply affected by impact, although they only should have depended on the probability distributions over the features, and that the dissociation between evidential impact and posteriorprobability increased the number of errors. The implications of these findings for lower- andhigher-level cognitive models are discussed.

Neural correlates of olfactory learning paradigms in an identified neuron in the honeybee brain

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 609-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mauelshagen
Keyword(s):  
Differential Conditioning ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Conditioning Paradigm ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Identified Neuron ◽  
Temporal Succession ◽  
Proboscis Extension ◽  
The One ◽  
Frequency Modulations

1. Sensitization and classical odor conditioning of the proboscis extension reflex were functionally analyzed by repeated intracellular recordings from a single identified neuron (PE1-neuron) in the central bee brain. This neuron belongs to the class of "extrinsic cells" arising from the pedunculus of the mushroom bodies and has extensive arborizations in the median and lateral protocerebrum. The recordings were performed on isolated bee heads. 2. Two different series of physiological experiments were carried out with the use of a similar temporal succession of stimuli as in previous behavioral experiments. In the first series, one group of animals was used for a single conditioning trial [conditioned stimulus (CS), carnation; unconditioned stimulus (US), sucrose solution to the antennae and proboscis), a second group was used for sensitization (sensitizing stimulus, sucrose solution to the antennae and/or proboscis), and the third group served as control (no sucrose stimulation). In the second series, a differential conditioning paradigm (paired odor CS+, carnation; unpaired odor CS-, orange blossom) was applied to test the associative nature of the conditioning effect. 3. The PE1-neuron showed a characteristic burstlike odor response before the training procedures. The treatments resulted in different spike-frequency modulations of this response, which were specific for the nonassociative and associative stimulus paradigms applied. During differential conditioning, there are dynamic up and down modulations of spike frequencies and of the DC potentials underlying the responses to the CS+. Overall, only transient changes in the minute range were observed. 4. The results of the sensitization procedures suggest two qualitatively different US pathways. The comparison between sensitization and one-trial conditioning shows differential effects of nonassociative and associative stimulus paradigms on the response behavior of the PE1-neuron. The results of the differential conditioning procedure reveal that the effect observed for the one-trial conditioning paradigm is of an associative nature and that there might be modulations, which are specific for single and multiple trial conditioning procedures. It is hypothesized that the PE1-neuron is a possible element involved in the short-term acquisition, rather than in the long-term storage, of an associative olfactory memory in the honeybee.

Demonstrations of Color Perception and the Importance of Contours

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 267-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Horner
Keyword(s):  
Color Vision ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Color Perception ◽  
Visual Performance ◽  
Receptor Cells ◽  
Opponent Process ◽  
Process Theories ◽  
Contour Information

A series of easily and inexpensively produced demonstrations provides examples of color perception after receptor cells have adapted to a stimulus. Visual performance under these conditions reveals phenomena that theories of color vision must explain. Students report their impressions of visual stimuli, and a discussion of trichromatic and opponent-process theories follows. These phenomena generate a second series of demonstrations showing the importance of contour information for perception.

Color Vision in Salamander Larvae

1979 ◽  
Vol 34 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 890-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Tempel ◽  
Werner Himstedt
Keyword(s):  
Color Vision ◽  
White Light ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Opponent Color ◽  
Salamandra Salamandra ◽  
Salamander Larvae

Abstract In behavioral experiments using monochromatic preypattems, larval salamanders (Salamandra salamandra) are able to discriminate colored from white light. In the retina only blue-yellow opponent-color ganglion cells were recorded. Thus the color vision in these animals is dichromatic.

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