Detection of records of weak local earthquakes using neural networks

Manual processing of large volumes of continuous observations produced by local seismic networks takes a lot of time, therefore, to solve this problem, automatic algorithms for detecting seismic events are used. Deterministic methods for solving the problem of detection, which do an excellent job of detecting intensive earthquakes, face critical problems when detecting weak seismic events (earthquakes). They are based on principles based on the calculation of energy, which causes multiple errors in detection: weak seismic events may not be detected, and high-amplitude noise may be mistakenly detected as an event. In our work, we propose a detection method capable of surpassing deterministic methods in detecting events on seismograms, successfully detecting a similar or more events with fewer false detections.

RESEARCH OF RELATION OF SAMPLERS FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS

The approach to reduce the amplitude noise of a vertical channel of the sampling oscilloscope is presented in this paper. In general, the vertical channel of the sampling oscilloscope consists of a high-frequency sampling circuit and a relatively low-frequency sample transmission path along with a high bit resolution analogto-digital converter. The paper presents a method to improve the sensitivity of the vertical channel of a stroboscopic oscilloscope by extending the conventional channel architecture. The main vertical channel unit of the oscilloscope is a sampling device (sampler), which made of discrete elements and usually implemented using high frequency diodes. The sampler performs a transformation of the sample of the high-frequency signal under test into a low-frequency equivalent signal (otherwise called a balance impulse). In a conventional sampling device, this pulse is quantized once the amplitude is at its highest, thus achieving the best signal-to-noise ratio. The paper analyzes the operating parameters of the sampling device circuit and their influence on the output signal of the sampler. In this approach uses the fastest (15 MHz) high-resolution (18-bit) analog-to-digital converters currently on the market to reduce the amplitude noise of vertical channel based on conventional architecture. Our research has shown that it is possible to obtain an increase in the signal-tonoise ratio of almost 1.3 times.

Distinguishing noisy boson sampling from classical simulations

Giving a convincing experimental evidence of the quantum supremacy over classical simulations is a challenging goal. Noise is considered to be the main problem in such a demonstration, hence it is urgent to understand the effect of noise. Recently found classical algorithms can efficiently approximate, to any small error, the output of boson sampling with finite-amplitude noise. In this work it is shown analytically and confirmed by numerical simulations that one can efficiently distinguish the output distribution of such a noisy boson sampling from the approximations accounting for low-order quantum multiboson interferences, what includes the mentioned classical algorithms. The number of samples required to tell apart the quantum and classical output distributions is strongly affected by the previously unexplored parameter: density of bosons, i.e., the ratio of total number of interfering bosons to number of input ports of interferometer. Such critical dependence is strikingly reminiscent of the quantum-to-classical transition in systems of identical particles, which sets in when the system size scales up while density of particles vanishes.

Soliton microcomb based spectral domain optical coherence tomography

Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a widely employed, minimally invasive bio-medical imaging technique, which requires a broadband light source, typically implemented by super-luminescent diodes. Recent advances in soliton based photonic integrated frequency combs (soliton microcombs) have enabled the development of low-noise, broadband chipscale frequency comb sources, whose potential for OCT imaging has not yet been unexplored. Here, we explore the use of dissipative Kerr soliton microcombs in spectral domain OCT and show that, by using photonic chipscale Si3N4 resonators in conjunction with 1300 nm pump lasers, spectral bandwidths exceeding those of commercial OCT sources are possible. We characterized the exceptional noise properties of our source (in comparison to conventional OCT sources) and demonstrate that the soliton states in microresonators exhibit a residual intensity noise floor at high offset frequencies that is ca. 3 dB lower than a traditional OCT source at identical power, and can exhibit significantly lower noise performance for powers at the milli-Watt level. Moreover, we demonstrate that classical amplitude noise of all soliton comb teeth are correlated, i.e., common mode, in contrast to superluminescent diodes or incoherent microcomb states, which opens a new avenue to improve imaging speed and performance beyond the thermal noise limit.

An experimental pig model with outer retinal degeneration induced by temporary intravitreal loading of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea during vitrectomy

We aimed to develop an outer retinal degeneration pig model induced by temporary intravitreal loading of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) during vitrectomy. In a preliminary experiment involving 5 mini-pig cases to determine the appropriate concentration of MNU, the vitreous cavity of each eye was filled with 4, 8, 10, 12, or 16 mg/mL MNU for 10 min, which was then replaced with a balanced salt solution. Multimodal examinations including spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) images and full-field electroretinography (ffERG) were obtained at baseline and week 2, week 6, and week 12. The retinal degeneration was classified according to the amplitudes of a dark adaptive (DA) 10.0 a-wave amplitude. The degree of moderate retinal degeneration was defined as DA 10.0 a-wave amplitude ≥ 10% and < 60% of baseline amplitude. The degree of severe degeneration was defined as DA 10.0 a-wave amplitude < 10% of baseline amplitude, noise, or flat signal. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry were performed at week 12. The main experiments were conducted first with 10 cases of 5 mg/mL and later with 13 cases of 10 mg/mL. In the preliminary experiment, degree of outer retinal degeneration increased with MNU concentration. Use of 4, 8, 10, 12, and 16 mg/mL MNU showed no, moderate, severe, severe, and atrophic changes, respectively. In the main experiments, there were 9 cases of moderate retinal degeneration and 1 case of severe degeneration in 5 mg/mL MNU group. Two cases of moderate degeneration and 11 of severe degeneration were recorded in 10 mg/mL group. Mean thickness of total retina, inner nuclear layer, and outer nuclear layer decreased at week 2 in both groups. The mean amplitudes on ffERG decreased at week 2. The ffERG and OCT findings did not change from week 2 to week 6 or week 12. The results of staining supported those of ffERG and OCT. Temporal MNU loading in a vitrectomized pig-eye model induced customized outer retinal degeneration with changing the concentration of MNU.

Measurement of resonance frequency by amplitude and phase methods using digital frequency scanning

A theoretical and experimental study of methods for measuring the resonance frequency from the amplitude-frequency and phase-frequency characteristics of the resonator (amplitude and phase methods, respectively) has been carried out. In this case, digital frequency scanning was used to determine the resonant frequency. On the basis of the theory of probabilities, analytical expressions are derived that describe the dependences of systematic and random errors on the position of the resonance frequency in the interval between the nearest discrete frequencies, as well as on the noise level. The reliability of the derived expressions was confirmed in the course of a virtual experiment with a computer model of the resonator. It is also shown that the errors of the amplitude and phase methods for the noise level, at which no more than two discrete frequencies are recorded, practically coincide. However, if more than two discrete frequencies are recorded, then the indicated errors differ significantly, which is demonstrated using the experimental graphs. In this case, the errors in measuring the resonance frequency by the phase method practically do not depend on the frequency tuning step with a decrease in this step and linearly depend on the phase noise level. When measuring the resonance frequency by the amplitude method, the errors decrease with decreasing frequency tuning step, and for this case, an empirical formula is proposed for the dependence of systematic and random errors on the frequency tuning step and the amplitude noise level. The research results can be used in the construction of digital resonance sensors.

Исследование шумовых характеристик вертикально-излучающих лазеров с ромбовидной токовой апертурой для применения в компактном квантовом цезиевом магнитометре

The possibility of using vertical-emitting lasers with intracavity contacts (IC-VCSEL) and a rhomboidal oxide current aperture for creating a non-zero magnetic field optically pumped atomic magnetometers (OPM) with a 133Cs vapor cell for magnetoencephalographic (MEG) systems were demonstrated. Relative intensity noise (RIN) and polarization resolved RIN of the IC-VCSEL in the 895 nm range with different mirror losses (linewidth) in the frequency range from 1 Hz to 100 kHz were experimentally investigated. Lasers with low mirror loss (narrow linewidth) have polarization resolved RIN comparable to amplitude noise. For IC-VCSEL with an output optical power of 0.8 mW and a linewidth of 55 MHz, the noise level measured is 148 dB/Hz in 1 Hz bandwidth at 40 kHz frequency. The ultimate sensitivity of OPM based on two-beam MX scheme with studied VCSELs was estimated as ~ 11 fT/√Hz.