Color Vision in Salamander Larvae

1979 ◽  
Vol 34 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 890-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Tempel ◽  
Werner Himstedt
Keyword(s):  
Color Vision ◽  
White Light ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Opponent Color ◽  
Salamandra Salamandra ◽  
Salamander Larvae

Abstract In behavioral experiments using monochromatic preypattems, larval salamanders (Salamandra salamandra) are able to discriminate colored from white light. In the retina only blue-yellow opponent-color ganglion cells were recorded. Thus the color vision in these animals is dichromatic.

Bipolar cell pathways for color vision in non-primate dichromats

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTIAN PULLER ◽  
SILKE HAVERKAMP
Keyword(s):  
Color Vision ◽  
Bipolar Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Color Discrimination ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Retinal Pathways ◽  
Retinal Information Processing ◽  
Cone Opsins ◽  
Retinal Information

AbstractColor vision in mammals is based on the expression of at least two cone opsins that are sensitive to different wavelengths of light. Furthermore, retinal pathways conveying color-opponent signals are required for color discrimination. Most of the primates are trichromats, and “color-coded channels” of their retinas are unveiled to a large extent. In contrast, knowledge of cone-selective pathways in nonprimate dichromats is only slowly emerging, although retinas of dichromats like mice or rats are extensively studied as model systems for retinal information processing. Here, we review recent progress of research on color-coded pathways in nonprimate dichromats to identify differences or similarities between di- and trichromatic mammals. In addition, we applied immunohistochemical methods and confocal microscopy to retinas of different species and present data on their neuronal properties, which are expected to contribute to color vision. Basic neuronal features such as the “blue cone bipolar cell” exist in every species investigated so far. Moreover, there is increasing evidence for chromatic OFF channels in dichromats and retinal ganglion cells that relay color-opponent signals to the brain. In conclusion, di- and trichromats share similar retinal pathways for color transmission and processing.

scholarly journals Diverse Cell Types, Circuits, and Mechanisms for Color Vision in the Vertebrate Retina

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 1527-1573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wallace B. Thoreson ◽  
Dennis M. Dacey
Keyword(s):  
Color Vision ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Color Perception ◽  
Visible Spectrum ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Vertebrate Retina ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Synaptic Interactions

Synaptic interactions to extract information about wavelength, and thus color, begin in the vertebrate retina with three classes of light-sensitive cells: rod photoreceptors at low light levels, multiple types of cone photoreceptors that vary in spectral sensitivity, and intrinsically photosensitive ganglion cells that contain the photopigment melanopsin. When isolated from its neighbors, a photoreceptor confounds photon flux with wavelength and so by itself provides no information about color. The retina has evolved elaborate color opponent circuitry for extracting wavelength information by comparing the activities of different photoreceptor types broadly tuned to different parts of the visible spectrum. We review studies concerning the circuit mechanisms mediating opponent interactions in a range of species, from tetrachromatic fish with diverse color opponent cell types to common dichromatic mammals where cone opponency is restricted to a subset of specialized circuits. Distinct among mammals, primates have reinvented trichromatic color vision using novel strategies to incorporate evolution of an additional photopigment gene into the foveal structure and circuitry that supports high-resolution vision. Color vision is absent at scotopic light levels when only rods are active, but rods interact with cone signals to influence color perception at mesopic light levels. Recent evidence suggests melanopsin-mediated signals, which have been identified as a substrate for setting circadian rhythms, may also influence color perception. We consider circuits that may mediate these interactions. While cone opponency is a relatively simple neural computation, it has been implemented in vertebrates by diverse neural mechanisms that are not yet fully understood.

Opponent Color Responses in Retinal Ganglion Cells

Science ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 131 (3409) ◽  
pp. 1314-1314 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Wagner ◽  
E. F. MacNichol ◽  
M. L. Wolbarsht
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Opponent Color

Signals for color and achromatic contrast in the goldfish inner retina

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 365-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
DWIGHT A. BURKHARDT
Keyword(s):  
Color Vision ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Color Contrast ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Color Coding ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Inner Retina ◽  
Opponent Color ◽  
Achromatic Contrast ◽  
Goldfish Retina

AbstractA moving stimulus paradigm was designed to investigate color contrast encoding in the retina. Recently, this paradigm yielded suggestive evidence for color contrast encoding in zebrafish but the significance and generality remain uncertain since the properties of color coding in the zebrafish inner retina are largely unknown. Here, the question of color contrast is pursued in the goldfish retina where there is much accumulated evidence for retinal mechanisms of color vision and opponent color-coding, in particular. Recordings of a sensitive local field potential of the inner retina, the proximal negative response, were made in the intact, superfused retina in the light-adapted state. Responses to color contrast and achromatic contrast were analyzed by comparing responses to a green moving bar on green versus red backgrounds. The quantitative form of the irradiance/response curves was distinctly different under a range of conditions in 32 retinas, thereby providing robust evidence for red–green color contrast. The color contrast is based on successive contrast, occurs in the absence of overt color opponency, and clearly differs from previous findings in the goldfish retina for simultaneous color contrast mediated by color-opponent neurons. The form of the irradiance/response curves suggests that successive color contrast is particularly important when achromatic contrast is low, as often occurs in natural environments. The present results provide a parallel with the well-known principle of human color vision, first proposed by Kirschmann as the third law of color contrast, and may also have implications for the evolution of vertebrate color vision.

Opponent-color detection threshold asymmetries may result from reduction of ganglion cell subpopulations

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent A. Billock ◽  
Algis J. Vingrys ◽  
P. Ewen King-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Optic Nerve Hypoplasia ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Spatial Integration ◽  
Color Detection ◽  
Opponent Color ◽  
Cell Subpopulations

AbstractThresholds for psychophysically opposite stimuli—light and dark, or equiluminous red and green, or equiluminous blue and yellow—are usually nearly equal. This color threshold symmetry is sometimes violated in subjects who have optic nerve hypoplasia, a congenital loss of retinal ganglion cells. We describe a subject who has optic nerve hypoplasia, who exhibits large red-green and blue-yellow detection threshold asymmetries for equiluminous spots. Temporal and spatial integration for equiluminous red and green test spots also differed from normal; static perimetric thresholds for equiluminous green, blue, and yellow (but not red) spots lacked the normal “V” shaped minimum at the fovea. These asymmetries may relate to a developmental paucity of some ganglion cell subtypes. Optic nerve hypoplasia may allow the contributions to detection made by individual ganglion cell subtypes to be isolated psychophysically, in analogy to the study of cone spectral sensitivity in dichromats.

scholarly journals Foraging Small White Butterflies, Pieris rapae, Search Flowers Using Color Vision

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kentaro Arikawa ◽  
Yoshihiro Nakatani ◽  
Hisaharu Koshitaka ◽  
Michiyo Kinoshita
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Color Vision ◽  
Pieris Rapae ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Action Spectrum ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
True Color ◽  
Flower Preference ◽  
Colored Disk

We demonstrate that the small white butterfly, Pieris rapae, uses color vision when searching flowers for foraging. We first trained newly emerged butterflies in a series of indoor behavioral experiments to take sucrose solution on paper disks, colored either blue, green, yellow, or red. After confirming that the butterflies were trained to visit a certain colored disk, we presented all disks simultaneously. The butterflies selected the disk of trained color, even among an array of disks with different shades of gray. We performed the training using monochromatic lights and measured the action spectrum of the feeding behavior to determine the targets’ Pieris-subjective brightness. We used the subjective brightness information to evaluate the behavioral results and concluded that Pieris rapae butterflies discriminate visual stimuli based on the chromatic content independent of the intensity: they have true color vision. We also found that Pieris butterflies innately prefer blue and yellow disks, which appears to match with their flower preference in the field, at least in part.

scholarly journals Effect of White Light Devoid of “Cyan” Spectrum Radiation on Nighttime Melatonin Suppression Over a 1-h Exposure Duration

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohan Nagare ◽  
Mark S. Rea ◽  
Barbara Plitnick ◽  
Mariana G. Figueiro
Keyword(s):  
Light Source ◽  
White Light ◽  
Exposure Duration ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Biological Clock ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Light Signal ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Experimental Conditions

The intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells are the main conduit of the light signal emanating from the retina to the biological clock located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus. Lighting manufacturers are developing white light sources that are devoid of wavelengths around 480 nm (“cyan gap”) to reduce their impact on the circadian system. The present study was designed to investigate whether exposure to a “cyan-gap,” 3000 K white light source, spectrally tuned to reduce radiant power between 475 and 495 nm (reducing stimulation of the melanopsin-containing photoreceptor), would suppress melatonin less than a conventional 3000 K light source. The study’s 2 phases employed a within-subjects experimental design involving the same 16 adult participants. In Phase 1, participants were exposed for 1 h to 3 experimental conditions over the course of 3 consecutive weeks: 1) dim light control (<5 lux at the eyes); 2) 800 lux at the eyes of a 3000 K light source; and 3) 800 lux at the eyes of a 3000 K, “cyan-gap” modified (3000 K mod) light source. The same protocol was repeated in Phase 2, but light levels were reduced to 400 lux at the eyes. As hypothesized, there were significant main effects of light level ( F1,12 = 9.1, p < 0.05, ηp² = 0.43) and exposure duration ( F1,12 = 47.7, p < 0.05, ηp² = 0.80) but there was no significant main effect of spectrum ( F1,12 = 0.16, p > 0.05, ηp² = 0.01). There were no significant interactions with spectrum. Contrary to our model predictions, our results showed that short-term exposures (≤ 1 h) to “cyan-gap” light sources suppressed melatonin similarly to conventional light sources of the same CCT and photopic illuminance at the eyes.

scholarly journals Retinal Morphology and Visual Specializations in Three Species of Chimaeras, the Deep-Sea R. pacifica and C. lignaria, and the Vertical Migrator C. milii (Holocephali)

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 47-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Garza-Gisholt ◽  
Nathan S. Hart ◽  
Shaun P. Collin
Keyword(s):  
Color Vision ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Visual Sensitivity ◽  
Segment Length ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Elephant Shark ◽  
Mesopelagic Zone

The majority of holocephalans live in the mesopelagic zone of the deep ocean, where there is little or no sunlight, but some species migrate to brightly lit shallow waters to reproduce. This study compares the retinal morphology of two species of deep-sea chimaeras, the Pacific spookfish (Rhinochimaera pacifica) and the Carpenter’s chimaera (Chimaera lignaria), with the elephant shark (Callorhinchus milii), a vertical migrator that lives in the mesopelagic zone but migrates to shallow water to reproduce. The two deep-sea chimaera species possess pure rod retinae with long photoreceptor outer segments that might serve to increase visual sensitivity. In contrast, the retina of the elephant shark possesses rods, with an outer-segment length significantly shorter (a mean of 34 µm) than in the deep-sea species, and cones, and therefore the potential for color vision. The retinal ganglion cell distribution closely follows that of the photoreceptor populations in all three species, but there is a lower peak density of these cells in both deep-sea species (215–275 cells/mm2 vs. 769 cells/mm2 in the elephant shark), which represents a significant increase in the convergence of visual information (summation ratio) from photoreceptors to ganglion cells. It is evident that the eyes of deep-sea chimaeras have increased sensitivity to detect objects under low levels of light, but at the expense of both resolution and the capacity for color vision. In contrast, the elephant shark has a lower sensitivity, but the potential for color discrimination and a higher visual acuity.

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