scholarly journals Innovations and Advances in Schistosome Stem Cell Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong You ◽  
Malcolm K. Jones ◽  
Deanne J. Whitworth ◽  
Donald P. McManus
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Freshwater Snail ◽  
Individual Gene ◽  
Blood Flukes ◽  
Life Cycle Stages ◽  
Stem Cell Lines ◽  
Germinal Cells

Schistosomes infect about 250 million people globally causing the devastating and persistent disease of schistosomiasis. These blood flukes have a complicated life cycle involving alternating infection of freshwater snail intermediate and definitive mammalian hosts. To survive and flourish in these diverse environments, schistosomes transition through a number of distinct life-cycle stages as a result of which they change their body plan in order to quickly adapt to each new environment. Current research suggests that stem cells, present in adults and larvae, are key in aiding schistosomes to facilitate these changes. Given the recent advances in our understanding of schistosome stem cell biology, we review the key roles that two major classes of cells play in the different life cycle stages during intramolluscan and intramammalian development; these include the germinal cells of sporocysts involved in asexual reproduction in molluscan hosts and the neoblasts of adult worms involved in sexual reproduction in human and other mammalian hosts. These studies shed considerable new light in revealing the stem cell heterogeneity driving the propagation of the schistosome life cycle. We also consider the possibility and value of establishing stem cell lines in schistosomes to advance schistosomiasis research. The availability of such self-renewable resources will provide new platforms to study stem cell behavior and regulation, and to address fundamental aspects of schistosome biology, reproductive development and survival. In turn, such studies will create new avenues to unravel individual gene function and to optimize genome-editing processes in blood flukes, which may lead to the design of novel intervention strategies for schistosomiasis.

Studies on the life-cycle of Pleurogenoides ovatus Rao, 1977 (Trematoda: Pleurogenetinae)

1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. Janardanan ◽  
P. K. Prasadan
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Freshwater Snail ◽  
Prepatent Period ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Freshwater Crab ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Life Cycle Stages ◽  
Rana Tigrina

ABSTRACTThe life-cycle of Pleurogenoides ovatus Rao, 1977, infecting the frogs, Rana tigrina and R. cyanophlyctis has been elucidated. All the life-cycle stages from egg to egg-producing adults were successfully established in the laboratory. The life-cycle took about 80 days for completion. Cercariae were found in the freshwater snail, Digoniostoma pulchella, collected from paddy fields at Chelembra, Malappuram district of Kerala, during the monsoon months. Cercariae are of the virgulate xiphidiocercous type. Metacercariae occurred in the connective tissues, hepatopancreas and musculature of the freshwater crab, Paratelphusa hydrodromous. The growth and development of the metacercariae in P. hydrodromous have been studied in detail. Frogs became infected when they fed on infected crabs. The prepatent period is 10 days.

scholarly journals Life cycle stages, specific organelles and invasion mechanisms of Eimeria species

Parasitology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 147 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alana Burrell ◽  
Fiona M. Tomley ◽  
Sue Vaughan ◽  
Virginia Marugan-Hernandez
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Eimeria Species ◽  
Cellular Structures ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
Invasion Mechanisms ◽  
Financial Costs ◽  
Life Cycle Stages ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The World

AbstractApicomplexans, including species of Eimeria, pose a real threat to the health and wellbeing of animals and humans. Eimeria parasites do not infect humans but cause an important economic impact on livestock, in particular on the poultry industry. Despite its high prevalence and financial costs, little is known about the cell biology of these ‘cosmopolitan’ parasites found all over the world. In this review, we discuss different aspects of the life cycle and stages of Eimeria species, focusing on cellular structures and organelles typical of the coccidian family as well as genus-specific features, complementing some ‘unknowns’ with what is described in the closely related coccidian Toxoplasma gondii.

scholarly journals Long non-coding RNA levels can be modulated by 5-azacytidine in Schistosoma mansoni

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Murilo S. Amaral ◽  
Lucas F. Maciel ◽  
Gilbert O. Silveira ◽  
Giovanna G. O. Olberg ◽  
João V. P. Leite ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Life Cycle Stages ◽  
Network Modules

AbstractSchistosoma mansoni is a flatworm that causes schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease that affects more than 200 million people worldwide. There is only one drug indicated for treatment, praziquantel, which may lead to parasite resistance emergence. The ribonucleoside analogue 5-azacytidine (5-AzaC) is an epigenetic drug that inhibits S. mansoni oviposition and ovarian development through interference with parasite transcription, translation and stem cell activities. Therefore, studying the downstream pathways affected by 5-AzaC in S. mansoni may contribute to the discovery of new drug targets. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides with low or no protein coding potential that have been involved in reproduction, stem cell maintenance and drug resistance. We have recently published a catalog of lncRNAs expressed in S. mansoni life-cycle stages, tissues and single cells. However, it remains largely unknown if lncRNAs are responsive to epigenetic drugs in parasites. Here, we show by RNA-Seq re-analyses that hundreds of lncRNAs are differentially expressed after in vitro 5-AzaC treatment of S. mansoni females, including intergenic, antisense and sense lncRNAs. Many of these lncRNAs belong to co-expression network modules related to male metabolism and are also differentially expressed in unpaired compared with paired females and ovaries. Half of these lncRNAs possess histone marks at their genomic loci, indicating regulation by histone modification. Among a selected set of 8 lncRNAs, half of them were validated by RT-qPCR as differentially expressed in females, and some of them also in males. Interestingly, these lncRNAs are also expressed in other life-cycle stages. This study demonstrates that many lncRNAs potentially involved with S. mansoni reproductive biology are modulated by 5-AzaC and sheds light on the relevance of exploring lncRNAs in response to drug treatments in parasites.

scholarly journals Studies on the life cycle of Pleurogenoides wayanadensis Shinad & Prasadan, 2018 (Digenea: Pleurogenidae) from the Western Ghats, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.K. Prasadan ◽  
K. Shinad ◽  
C. Sherin ◽  
K. Arusha
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Western Ghats ◽  
Freshwater Snail ◽  
Hoplobatrachus Tigerinus ◽  
Life Cycle Study ◽  
Life Cycle Stages ◽  
Fourth Report ◽  
Seventh Report ◽  
Present Life ◽  
The Western Ghats

Abstract The life cycle of Pleurogenoides wayanadensis Shinad & Prasadan, 2018, infecting the frogs Hoplobatrachus tigerinus and Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis, is elucidated in this study. All the life cycle stages from egg to egg-producing adults were elucidated under natural conditions and successfully established in the laboratory. The life cycle took about 58 to 65 days for completion. Miracidia were released by teasing the eggs with fine needles. Sporocysts were found in the freshwater snail, Bithynia (Digoniostoma) pulchella, collected from paddy fields at Payode, Western Ghats, Wayanad region, in the months of October and November 2019. Cercariae were of the virgulate xiphidiocercous type. Metacercariae were recovered from the eyes of the damselfly naiads of the species Ischnura sp. and Copera sp., and the thorax and abdomen of the dragonfly naiads, Orthetrum sp. The metacercariae showed progenetic development. The growth and development of the metacercariae in the naiads that were exposed to cercariae, and development of the trematode in frogs that were force-fed with encysted metacercariae, have been studied at regular intervals. The prepatent period is 14–19 days. The present life cycle study of a Pleurogenoides spp. forms the seventh report from the world, fourth report from India and the third from Kerala.

scholarly journals Stem cell heterogeneity drives the parasitic life cycle of Schistosoma mansoni

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Wang ◽  
Jayhun Lee ◽  
Pengyang Li ◽  
Amir Saberi ◽  
Huiying Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Cell Heterogeneity ◽  
Life Cycle Stages

Schistosomes are parasitic flatworms infecting hundreds of millions of people. These parasites alternate between asexual reproduction in molluscan hosts and sexual reproduction in mammalian hosts; short-lived, water-borne stages infect each host. Thriving in such disparate environments requires remarkable developmental plasticity, manifested by five body plans deployed throughout the parasite’s life cycle. Stem cells in Schistosoma mansoni provide a potential source for such plasticity; however, the relationship between stem cells from different life-cycle stages remains unclear, as does the origin of the germline, required for sexual reproduction. Here, we show that subsets of larvally derived stem cells are likely sources of adult stem cells and the germline. We also identify a novel gene that serves as the earliest marker for the schistosome germline, which emerges inside the mammalian host and is ultimately responsible for disease pathology. This work reveals the stem cell heterogeneity driving the propagation of the schistosome life cycle.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic, epigenetic and metabolic characterization of the pluripotency continuum in rabbit preimplantation embryos

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilhelm Bouchereau ◽  
Luc Jouneau ◽  
Catherine Archilla ◽  
Irene Aksoy ◽  
Anais Moulin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Preimplantation Embryos ◽  
Morula Stage ◽  
Stem Cell Lines

Despite the growing interest in the rabbit model for developmental and stem cell biology, the characterization of embryos at the molecular level is still poorly documented. We conducted a transcriptome analysis of rabbit pre-implantation embryos from E2.7 (morula stage) to E6.6 (early primitive streak stage) using bulk and single-cell RNA-sequencing, and single-cell Biomark qPCR. In parallel, we studied oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis and analyzed active and repressive epigenetic modifications during blastocyst formation and expansion. We generated a transcriptomic, epigenetic, and metabolic map of the pluripotency continuum in rabbit preimplantation embryos and identified novel markers of naive pluripotency that might be instrumental for deriving naive pluripotent stem cell lines. Although the rabbit is evolutionarily closer to mice than to primates, we found that the transcriptome of rabbit epiblast cells shares common features with that of humans and non-human primates.

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