scholarly journals Dietary Inclusion of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia Illucens) Larvae Meal and Paste Improved Gut Health but Had Minor Effects on Skin Mucus Proteome and Immune Response in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pabodha Weththasinghe ◽  
Leidy Lagos ◽  
Marcos Cortés ◽  
Jon Øvrum Hansen ◽  
Margareth Øverland
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Skin Mucus ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Distal Intestine ◽  
Pyloric Caeca

The present study investigated effects of dietary inclusion of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) (Hermetia illucens) meal and paste on gut health, plasma biochemical parameters, immune response and skin mucus proteome in pre-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The seven-week experiment consisted of seven experimental diets: a control diet based on fishmeal and plant protein (Control-1); three BSFL meal diets, substituting 6.25% (6.25IM), 12.5% (12.5IM) and 25% (25IM) of protein; two BSFL paste diets, substituting 3.7% (3.7IP) and 6.7% (6.7IP) of protein and an extra control diet with 0.88% of formic acid (Control-2). The 6.25IM diet reduced enterocyte steatosis in pyloric caeca, improved distal intestine histology, and reduced IgM in distal intestine. The fish fed 12.5IM diet reduced enterocyte steatosis in pyloric caeca, improved distal intestine histology, had a higher plasma lysozyme content compared to 6.25IM, and tend to increase phagocytic activity in head-kidney macrophages-like cells. On the other hand, 25IM diet improved distal intestine histology, but showed mild-moderate enterocyte steatosis in pyloric caeca, increased IFNγ and reduced IgM in distal intestine. In the case of BSFL paste diets, 3.7IP diet caused mild inflammatory changes in distal intestine, although it reduced enterocyte steatosis in pyloric caeca. The 6.7IP diet reduced enterocyte steatosis in pyloric caeca and improved distal intestine histology. Increasing level of BSFL meal in the diet linearly decreased plasma C-reactive protein, whereas increasing level of BSFL paste linearly increased plasma antioxidant capacity. Dietary inclusion of BSFL meal and paste had minor effects on the expression profile of proteins in skin mucus and no effects on immune markers in splenocytes. BSFL meal showed no negative effect on liver and muscle health as indicated by plasma alanine aminotranseferase, asparate aminotransferase and creatine kinase. The present study showed that replacing conventional protein sources with low to moderate levels of BSFL meal (6.25% and 12.5%) or paste (3.7% and 6.7%) reduced enterocyte steatosis in pyloric caeca, while replacing up to 25% with BSFL meal or 6.7% with paste improved distal intestine histology. Further, dietary inclusion of BSFL meal and paste had minor effects on skin mucus proteome and immune response in Atlantic salmon.

scholarly journals Differential response of digesta- and mucosa-associated intestinal microbiota to dietary black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal in seawater phase Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanxian Li ◽  
Leonardo Bruni ◽  
Alexander Jaramillo-Torres ◽  
Karina Gajardo ◽  
Trond M. Kortner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Association Analyses ◽  
Distal Intestine ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Hermetia Illucens Larvae

Abstract Background: Intestinal digesta is commonly used for studying responses of microbiota to dietary shifts, yet evidence is accumulating that it represents an incomplete view of the intestinal microbiota. The present work aims to investigate the differences between digesta- and mucosa-associated intestinal microbiota in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) and how they may respond differently to dietary perturbations. In a 16-week seawater feeding trial, Atlantic salmon were fed either a commercially-relevant reference diet or an insect meal diet containing ~15% black soldier fly ( Hermetia illucens ) larvae meal. The digesta- and mucosa-associated distal intestinal microbiota were profiled by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results: Regardless of diet, we observed substantial differences between digesta- and mucosa-associated intestinal microbiota. Microbial richness and diversity were much higher in the digesta than the mucosa. The insect meal diet altered the distal intestinal microbiota resulting in higher microbial richness and diversity. The diet effect, however, depended on the sample origin. Digesta-associated intestinal microbiota showed more pronounced changes than the mucosa-associated microbiota. Multivariate association analyses identified two mucosa-enriched taxa, Brevinema andersonii and unclassified Spirochaetaceae , associated with the expression of genes related to immune responses and barrier function in the distal intestine, respectively. Conclusions: Our data show that salmon intestinal digesta and mucosa harbor microbial communities with clear differences. Mucosa-associated intestinal microbiota seems more resilient to variations in the diet composition than digesta-associated intestinal microbiota. To fully unveil the response of intestinal microbiota to dietary changes, concurrent profiling of digesta- and mucosa-associated intestinal microbiota is recommended whenever feasible.

scholarly journals Differential Response of Digesta- and Mucosa-Associated Intestinal Microbiota to Dietary Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Meal in Seawater Phase Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanxian Li ◽  
Leonardo Bruni ◽  
Alexander Jaramillo-Torres ◽  
Karina Gajardo ◽  
Trond M. Kortner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Association Analyses ◽  
Distal Intestine ◽  
Expression Of Genes

Intestinal digesta is commonly used for studying responses of microbiota to dietary shifts, yet evidence is accumulating that it represents an incomplete view of the intestinal microbiota. In a 16-week seawater feeding trial, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were fed either a commercially-relevant reference diet or an insect meal diet containing 15% black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal. The digesta- and mucosa-associated distal intestinal microbiota were profiled by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Regardless of diet, we observed substantial differences between digesta- and mucosa-associated intestinal microbiota. Microbial richness and diversity were much higher in the digesta than the mucosa. The insect meal diet altered the distal intestinal microbiota resulting in higher microbial richness and diversity. The diet effect, however, depended on the sample origin. Digesta-associated intestinal microbiota showed more pronounced changes than the mucosa-associated microbiota. Lastly, multivariate association analyses identified two mucosa-enriched taxa, Brevinema andersonii and unclassified Spirochaetaceae, associated with the expression of genes related to immune responses and barrier function in the distal intestine, respectively. Overall, our data clearly indicate that responses in digesta- and mucosa-associated microbiota to dietary inclusion of insect meal differ, with the latter being more resilient to dietary changes.

Gut health and vaccination response in pre-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal

2019 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. 1106-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanxian Li ◽  
Trond M. Kortner ◽  
Elvis M. Chikwati ◽  
Hetron Mweemba Munang'andu ◽  
Erik-Jan Lock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Vaccination Response ◽  
Hermetia Illucens Larvae

scholarly journals Differential response of digesta- and mucosa-associated intestinal microbiota to dietary black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal in seawater phase Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanxian Li ◽  
Leonardo Bruni ◽  
Alexander Jaramillo-Torres ◽  
Karina Gajardo ◽  
Trond M. Kortner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Association Analyses ◽  
Distal Intestine ◽  
Expression Of Genes

Abstract Background: Intestinal digesta is commonly used for studying responses of microbiota to dietary shifts, yet evidence is accumulating that it represents an incomplete view of the intestinal microbiota. The present work aims to investigate the differences between digesta- and mucosa-associated intestinal microbiota in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and how they may respond differently to dietary perturbations. In a 16-week seawater feeding trial, Atlantic salmon were fed either a commercially-relevant reference diet or an insect meal diet containing ~15% black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal. The digesta- and mucosa-associated distal intestinal microbiota were profiled by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results: Regardless of diet, we observed substantial differences between digesta- and mucosa-associated intestinal microbiota. Microbial richness and diversity were much higher in the digesta than the mucosa. The insect meal diet altered the distal intestinal microbiota resulting in higher microbial richness and diversity. The diet effect, however, depended on the sample origin. Digesta-associated intestinal microbiota showed more pronounced changes than the mucosa-associated microbiota. Multivariate association analyses identified two mucosa-enriched taxa, Brevinema andersonii and Spirochaetaceae, associated with the expression of genes related to immune responses and barrier function in the distal intestine, respectively. Conclusions: Our data show that salmon intestinal digesta and mucosa harbor microbial communities with clear differences. Mucosa-associated intestinal microbiota seems more resilient to variations in the diet composition than digesta-associated intestinal microbiota. To fully unveil the response of intestinal microbiota to dietary changes, concurrent profiling of digesta- and mucosa-associated intestinal microbiota is recommended whenever feasible.

scholarly journals Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens as an Alternative to Fishmeal Protein and Fish Oil: Impact on Growth, Immune Response, Mucosal Barrier Status, and Flesh Quality of Juvenile Barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790)

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 505
Author(s):  
Amanda Hender ◽  
Muhammad Siddik ◽  
Janet Howieson ◽  
Ravi Fotedar
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Flesh Quality ◽  
Isocaloric Diets

A feeding trial was conducted to test the effects of partial replacement of fishmeal (FM) protein and fish oil (FO) with partially defatted black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens insect protein, and oil, respectively, on growth performance, immune response, gut and skin barrier status, and flesh quality in juvenile barramundi. Four isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets used in the study were a control diet based on FM, 30% FM replaced with H. illucens protein (HiP), 30% FO replaced with H. illucens oil (HiO), and both 30% FM and 30% FO replaced with H. illucens protein and oil (HiPO). Diets were fed twice a day to satiety in triplicated groups of barramundi with an initial body weight of 1.74 ± 0.15 g per fish. At the end of the trial, growth and feed utilization indices were found insignificant (p > 0.05) between the test diets and control. A significant increase in bactericidal activity was observed in fish fed the HiP diet while serum lysozyme activity was unchanged. Stress-related heat shock proteins (HSP70 and HSP90) did not differ significantly among the test diets while immune-relevant genes (IL-1β and IL-10) were significantly upregulated in HiP and HiOP groups. The number of mucin cells were increased in the gut and skin of HiP and HiOP fed fish when compared to the control diet. The total fatty acid compositions (∑SFA, ∑MUFA, ∑PUFA, ∑n-3, and ∑n-6) in the muscles of barramundi were not significantly influenced with H. illucens protein and oil diets when compared to the control.

scholarly journals The Analysis of Live-Attenuated Piscirickettsia salmonis Vaccine Reveals the Short-Term Upregulation of Innate and Adaptive Immune Genes in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar): An In Situ Open-Sea Cages Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 703
Author(s):  
Deborah Vargas ◽  
Eva Vallejos-Vidal ◽  
Sebastián Reyes-Cerpa ◽  
Aarón Oyarzún-Arrau ◽  
Claudio Acuña-Castillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽  
Gene Markers ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Piscirickettsia Salmonis

Piscirickettsia salmonis, the etiological agent of the Salmon Rickettsial Septicemia (SRS), is one the most serious health problems for the Chilean salmon industry. Typical antimicrobial strategies used against P. salmonis include antibiotics and vaccines, but these applications have largely failed. A few years ago, the first attenuated-live vaccine against SRS (ALPHA JECT LiVac® SRS vaccine) was released to the market. However, there is no data about the agents involved in the activation of the immune response induced under field conditions. Therefore, in this study we evaluated the expression profile of a set of gene markers related to innate and adaptive immunity in the context of a cellular response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reared under productive farm conditions and immunized with a live-attenuated vaccine against P. salmonis. We analyzed the expression at zero, 5-, 15- and 45-days post-vaccination (dpv). Our results reveal that the administration of the attenuated live SRS LiVac vaccine induces a short-term upregulation of the cellular-mediated immune response at 5 dpv modulated by the upregulation of ifnα, ifnγ, and the cd4 and cd8α T cell surface markers. In addition, we also registered the upregulation of il-10 and tgfβ. Altogether, the results suggest that a balanced activation of the immune response took place only at early times post-vaccination (5 dpv). The scope of this short-term upregulation of the cellular-mediated immune response against a natural outbreak in fish subjected to productive farm conditions deserves further research.

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