scholarly journals Policy Approaches Toward Combatting Venereal Diseases in the Soviet Occupation Zone in Germany (1945–1949), the German Democratic Republic (1949–1989), and the Polish People's Republic (1945–1989)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Orzechowski ◽  
Katarzyna Woniak ◽  
Maximilian Schochow ◽  
Florian Steger
Keyword(s):  
German Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Second World War ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
World War ◽  
Venereal Diseases ◽  
Soviet Occupation ◽  
Soviet Occupation Zone ◽  
Second World

The spread of venereal diseases after the Second World War constituted a grave public health danger in Europe. Especially in all four occupation zones in Germany and the Polish People's Republic high morbidity rates were observed. In order to limit the spread of diseases, respective administrations adopted specific regulations. The aim of this research is the analysis and comparison of legal regulations for controlling and combating venereal diseases in these countries. We have analyzed legislative and administrative acts concerning combatting venereal diseases issued by the official organs of the Soviet Occupation Zone, the German Democratic Republic, and the Polish People's Republic from 1945 to 1989. Subsequently, the analyzed sources were evaluated in light of the existing literature on the topic. Our analysis shows that policy approaches in both countries were based the Soviet Union's model for fighting venereal diseases. Visible are similarities of the approaches. They include organization of anti-venereal services, compulsory hospitalization, and actions against social groups perceived as sources of venereal diseases. Beside the purpose of breaking the spread of the epidemics, the approaches had also a political aim of sanctioning behavior that diverged from prescribed socialist moral norms.

L'Église dans la société socialiste

1981 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-91
Author(s):  
Günther Krusche
Keyword(s):  
German Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Socialist Society ◽  
World War ◽  
Protestant Churches ◽  
Marxist Ideology ◽  
Second World

The main characteristic of the place and part held by Protes tant churches in the German Democratic Republic lies in the change from a popular and state church status to that of a mino rity church and even of «diaspora». Having mentioned the diffe rent transition and adaptation phases theses churches went throught after the second world war - denazification, anticlerical struggles challenges from Marxist ideology, the founding of the Federation of Protestant Churches in the G.D.R. - the author goes on to explain what understanding this Church has of itself today, the areas that still remain controversial, and finally, the tasks that it has set itself in a socialist society.

scholarly journals Psychiatry in the German Democratic Republic

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 536-537
Author(s):  
N. J. Cooling
Keyword(s):  
German Democratic Republic ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
East Berlin ◽  
Study Tour ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Cultural Exchanges ◽  
Second World

The London-Berlin (GDR) Committee was established in June 1986, with the aim of encouraging cultural exchanges between Britain and the German Democratic Republic. This Committee organised a study tour of East Berlin for British health care workers in October 1988. This was the first exchange of this kind since the Second World War and the subsequent foundation of the modern Republic of East Germany.

scholarly journals Comments on the Article, Combatting Venereal Diseases as an Instrument of Politicised Medicine. An analysis of the example of the Soviet Occupation Zone in Germany, the German Democratic Republic, and the Polish Peoples’ Republic by Marcin Orzechowski, Maximilian Schochow and Florian Steger

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 83-92
Author(s):  
Juris Salaks ◽  
◽  
Aistis Žalnora ◽  
Toomsalu Maie ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
German Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Venereal Diseases ◽  
Soviet Occupation ◽  
Polish People ◽  
Anthropological Research ◽  
Soviet Occupation Zone

The publication of articles by F. Steger, M. Schohow, M. Orzechowski 1 and I. Lipša 2 in the last two issues of the journal on the control of venereal diseases in the GDR, the Polish People Republic (PPR) and the Latvian SSR made it possible to expand joint academic interdisciplinary (historical, medical and socio-anthropological) research on this topic in four universities in Germany, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia.

Breaking with bourgeois rules and traditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 83 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 487-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Löhnig
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
German Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Socialist Society ◽  
World War ◽  
Soviet Occupation ◽  
The Family ◽  
East German ◽  
Soviet Occupation Zone ◽  
Family Models

When World War II ended in 1945, the plan was to build a society in the Soviet occupation zone and, later on, in the German Democratic Republic, which would break with the previously dominant bourgeois rules and traditions. Marriage and the family were utilized to achieve this goal. As the marriage law in force was the same in all parts of Germany between 1938 and 1955, this development has to be illustrated by analyzing the divorce files of the East German courts of Dresden and Leipzig in the late 1940s. By reviewing these documents, one cannot only reveal political and economic influences, but also discover the new household and family models of a socialist society.


scholarly journals Combatting Venereal Diseases as an Instrument of Politicised Medicine: Analysis on the Example of the Soviet Occupation Zone in Germany, the German Democratic Republic, and the Polish Peoples’ Republic

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 58-82
Author(s):  
Marcin Orzechowski ◽  
◽  
Maximilian Schochow ◽  
Floria Steger ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
German Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Venereal Diseases ◽  
Soviet Occupation ◽  
Healthcare Model ◽  
Soviet Occupation Zone

The programme for combatting venereal diseases in the Soviet Occupation Zone of Germany (SOZ), the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and the Polish Peoples’ Republic (PPR) after the Second World War was adopted from the Soviet healthcare model. In order to maintain the spread of infections, both countries introduced specific legislation. The analysis of the regulations shows several similarities, such as establishment of easy access to anti-venereal health services, interruption of the chain of infection, and special treatment of individuals who constituted a danger of spreading the infection through compulsory hospitalisation. However, some differences are also visible. In the PPR, the decision about compulsory hospitalisation was left to individual evaluation of the attending physician. Closed venereology facilities or reformatories for treatment of venereal diseases, which existed in the GDR, were not established through legal regulations in the PPR. Since 1964, Polish law specifically targeted prostitutes and alcoholics as sources of spreading venereal diseases. These groups were not mentioned in the German legal acts. Analysis of praxis of compulsory commitment in the SOZ and GDR shows that mostly young women characterized as “drifters” were sent to closed venereology wards with breach of legal regulations. The number of prostitutes constituted only a very small fraction. In the PPR, the data from contemporary literature also indicates a considerable number of young women, the so-called “drifters”, committed to venereology ward.

scholarly journals Zur Lehre Amunnachts: Ein Join und Missing Links

2013 ◽  
Vol 140 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Dorn
Keyword(s):  
Publishing House ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Soviet Occupation ◽  
Soviet Occupation Zone ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Way

SummaryBetween the years 1944 and 1954, the German Egyptological journal Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde (ZÄS) stopped publication due to the Second World War and its repercussions. This paper presents a document written by Hermann Grapow in 1947 intended to help the publishing house J. C. Hinrichs obtain a licence from the authorities in the Soviet Occupation Zone, in order to publish the ZÄS anew. Here, emphasis will be placed upon the way in which Hermann Grapow argues in favour of the grant of the licence in his petition.

«The enemy of my enemy»: actions of Azerbaijan «Musavat» party in Germany (1933–1939)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Й. Шнелле
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
World War ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Second World

В данной статье рассматриваются отношения "Мусават", бывшей правящей партии Азербайджанской Республики и наиболее активной партии азербайджанских эмигрантов, с Третьим Рейхом в довоенный период. В 1933–1939 гг. Германия сыграла большую роль для партии «Мусават» в поисках союзников в борьбе против СССР. Мусаватисты некоторое время сотрудничали с Антикоминтерном в области антикоммунистической пропаганды и в 1939 г. были под покровительством Внешнеполитического управления НСДАП. Тем не менее положение «Мусават» в Германии оставалось неустойчивым вплоть до начала Второй мировой войны, надежды этой партии на эффективную поддержку со стороны Берлина не оправдались. The article examines relations between «Musavat», the former leading party of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the most active party of Azerbaijan immigrants, and the Third Reich during the pre-war period. In 1933–1939 Germany helped the party in search for anti-Soviet allies. Members of «Musavat» collaborated with the Anti-Comintern in Anti-Bolshevik Propaganda activities in 1939, they were under the NSDAP Office of Foreign Affairs protection. Never the less «Musavat» party haven’t gained a steady position till the beginning of the Second World War, it’s hopes for effective help and support from Berlin were not realized.

scholarly journals Development of product costing in Lithuania (1918–2019)

2019 ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Daiva Tamulevičienė ◽  
Jonas Mackevičius
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
Product Costing ◽  
Soviet Occupation ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Second World

Appropriate product costing helps not only to estimate the cost of production correctly but also to evaluate the activity results, forecast product prices, make reasonable economic decisions. The article analyses the development of product costing in Lithuania from 1918 to 2019. The following stages of development of product costing were distinguished: 1) between the world wars when Lithuania was independent and during the Second world war (1918–1944); 2) during the years of Soviet occupation (1944–1990); 3) after reinstating the independence of Lithuania (1990–2019). The most important provisions of normative documents related to product costing of every stage were analysed, opinions, statements and suggestions how to improve product costing by different Lithuanian authors were evaluated.

scholarly journals The Paths of Books of Latvian Jews during World War II

Knygotyra ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 210-235
Author(s):  
Jana Dreimane
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Jewish Literature ◽  
World War ◽  
Soviet Occupation ◽  
Nazi Occupation ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Book Collections ◽  
Book Values ◽  
Second World

[full article, abstract in English; abstract in Lithuanian] The aim of the research is to find out the influence of the Nazi regime on preservation of historical book collections, which were established in Jewish societies, schools, religious organizations and private houses in Latvia until the first Soviet occupation (1940/1941). At the beginning, libraries of Jewish associations and other institutions were expropriated by the Soviet power, which started the elimination of Jewish books and periodicals published in the independent Republic of Latvia. The massive destruction of Jewish literature collections was carried out by Nazi occupation authorities (1941-1944/45), proclaiming Jews and Judaism as their main “enemies”. However, digitized archives of Nazi organizations (mainly documents of the Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce) shows that a small part of the Latvian Jewish book collections was preserved for research purposes and after the Second World War scattered in different countries. Analysis of archival documents will clarify the Nazi strategy for Latvian Jewish book collections. It will be determined which book values survived the war and what their further fate in the second half of the 1940s was.

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