scholarly journals Respiratory Immunization With a Whole Cell Inactivated Vaccine Induces Functional Mucosal Immunoglobulins Against Tuberculosis in Mice and Non-human Primates

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nacho Aguilo ◽  
Santiago Uranga ◽  
Elena Mata ◽  
Raquel Tarancon ◽  
Ana Belén Gómez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inactivated Vaccine ◽  
Whole Cell

Different Types of Vaccines

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Y. William Tong
Keyword(s):  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Inactivated Vaccine ◽  
Typhoid Vaccine ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Viral Vaccines ◽  
Enteric Coated ◽  
Vi Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
The Uk

Vaccines can be classified according to their nature into the following types: ● Inactivated vaccines: ■ Whole organism; ■ Acellular extracts. ● Live attenuated vaccines. ● Toxoid vaccines. ● Subunit vaccines. ● Conjugate vaccines. ● DNA vaccines. ● Recombinant vector vaccines. Inactivation of the whole organism is the most basic form of vaccine produced by killing the micro-organism causing the disease using heat, chemical or radiation and presents all the antigens in the inactivated organism as a vaccine to induce immunity in the recipient. Other methods to produce an inactivated vaccine is by extracting acellular components of the organism through filtration. Examples of inactivated bacterial vaccines currently in use include: ● Anthrax—sterile filtrate from cultures of the Sterne strain of B. anthracis. ● Cholera—oral inactivated vaccine with 1mg of recombinant cholera toxin B (rCTB) in a liquid suspension of four strains of killed V. cholerae O1, representing subtypes Inaba and Ogawa and biotypes El Tor and classical. ● Pertussis—acellular vaccine has replaced previously used whole cell vaccine. ● Typhoid—purified Vi capsular polysaccharide from S. typhi; NB: the injectable, killed, whole-cell typhoid vaccine which contains heat-inactivated, phenol-preserved S. typhi organisms is no longer in use in the UK. Examples of inactivated viral vaccines currently in use in the UK include: ● Hepatitis A virus. ● Hepatitis E virus. ● Influenza A and B viruses. ● Japanese encephalitis virus. ● Polio viruses 1, 2, and 3 (IPV). ● Rabies virus. ● Tick-borne encephalitis virus. ● Bacterial vaccines: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine against tuberculosis derived from a Mycobacterium bovis strain. The oral typhoid vaccine contains a live attenuated strain of S. typhi (Ty21a) in an enteric-coated capsule. ● Viral vaccines: The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine contain live attenuated strains of measles, mumps, and rubella viruses, which are cultured separately and mixed before being lyophilized. Oral polio vaccine (OPV) against polio viruses 1, 2, and 3—OPV contains live attenuated strains of poliomyelitis virus types 1, 2, and 3 grown in cell cultures.

Evaluation of enteric-coated tablets as a whole cell inactivated vaccine candidate against Vibrio cholerae

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonsire Fernández ◽  
Gemma Año ◽  
Jorge Castaño ◽  
Yadira Pino ◽  
Evangelina Uribarri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Vaccine Candidate ◽  
Inactivated Vaccine ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Enteric Coated

scholarly journals Induction of tenacibaculosis in Atlantic salmon smolts using Tenacibaculum finnmarkense and the evaluation of a whole cell inactivated vaccine

Aquaculture ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 495 ◽  
pp. 858-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sverre Bang Småge ◽  
Kathleen Frisch ◽  
Vidar Vold ◽  
Henrik Duesund ◽  
Øyvind J. Brevik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Inactivated Vaccine ◽  
Whole Cell

The immunoprotective effect of whole-cell lysed inactivated vaccine with SWCNT as a carrier against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in grass carp

2020 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
pp. 336-343
Author(s):  
Zhongyu Zhang ◽  
Gaoyang Liu ◽  
Rui Ma ◽  
Xiaozhou Qi ◽  
Gaoxue Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Grass Carp ◽  
Inactivated Vaccine ◽  
Whole Cell

HVEM Analysis of Microfilament Patterns in The Margins of Tissue Cells

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 808-811
Author(s):  
Carol Allen
Keyword(s):  
Cell Movement ◽  
Cell Spreading ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Tissue Cell ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Cell Periphery ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Critical Point Drying ◽  
Lamellar Region ◽  
Tissue Cells

When provided with a suitable solid substrate, tissue cells undergo a rapid conversion from the spherical form expressed in suspension culture to a characteristic flattened morphology. As a result of this conversion, called cell spreading, the cell nucleus and organelles come to occupy a central region of “deep cytoplasm” which slopes steeply into a peripheral “lamellar” region less than 1 pm thick at its outer edge and generally free of cell organelles. Cell spreading is accomplished by a continuous outward repositioning of the lamellar margins. Cell translocation on the substrate results when the activity of the lamellae on one side of the cell become dominant. When this occurs, the cell is “polarized” and moves in the direction of the “leading lamellae”. Careful analysis of tissue cell locomotion by time-lapse microphotography (1) has shown that the deformational movements of the leading lamellae occur in a repeating cycle of advance and retreat in the direction of cell movement and that the rate of such deformations are positively correlated with the speed of cell movement. In the present study, the physical basis for these movements of the cell margin has been examined by comparative light microscopy of living cells with whole-mount electron microscopy of fixed cells. Ultrastructural observations were made on tissue cells grown on Formvar-coated grids, fixed with glutaraldehyde, further processed by critical-point drying, and then photographed in the High Voltage Electron Microscope. This processing and imaging system maintains the 3-dimensional organization of the whole cell, the relationship of the cell to the substrate, and affords a large sample size which facilitates quantitative analysis. Comparative analysis of film records of living cells with the whole-cell micrographs revealed that specific patterns of microfilament organization consistently accompany recognizable stages of lamellar formation and movement. The margins of spreading cells and the leading lamellae of locomoting cells showed a similar pattern of MF repositionings (Figs. 1-4). These results will be discussed in terms of a working model for the mechanics of lamellar motility which includes the following major features: (a) lamellar protrusion results when an intracellular force is exerted at a locally weak area of the cell periphery; (b) the association of cortical MFs with one another determines the local resistance to this force; (c) where MF-to-MF association is weak, the cell periphery expands and some cortical MFs are dragged passively forward; (d) contact of the expanded area with the substrate then triggers the lateral association and reorientation of these cortical MFs into MF bundles parallel to the direction of the expansion; and (e) an active interaction between these MF bundles associated with the cortex of the expanded lamellae and the cortical MFs which remained in the sub-lamellar region then pulls the latter MFs forward toward the expanded area. Thus, the advance of the cell periphery on the substrate occurs in two stages: a passive phase in which some cortical MFs are dragged outward by the force acting to expand the cell periphery, and an active phase in which additional cortical MFs are pulled forward by interaction with the first set. Subsequent interactions between peripheral microfilament bundles and filaments in the deeper cytoplasm could then transmit the advance gained by lamellar expansion to the bulk of the cytoplasm.

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