Different Types of Vaccines

Tutorial Topics in Infection for the Combined Infection Training Programme ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198801740.003.0061 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

C. Y. William Tong

Keyword(s):

Oral Polio Vaccine ◽

Encephalitis Virus ◽

Inactivated Vaccine ◽

Typhoid Vaccine ◽

Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽

Whole Cell ◽

Viral Vaccines ◽

Enteric Coated ◽

Vi Capsular Polysaccharide ◽

The Uk

Vaccines can be classified according to their nature into the following types: ● Inactivated vaccines: ■ Whole organism; ■ Acellular extracts. ● Live attenuated vaccines. ● Toxoid vaccines. ● Subunit vaccines. ● Conjugate vaccines. ● DNA vaccines. ● Recombinant vector vaccines. Inactivation of the whole organism is the most basic form of vaccine produced by killing the micro-organism causing the disease using heat, chemical or radiation and presents all the antigens in the inactivated organism as a vaccine to induce immunity in the recipient. Other methods to produce an inactivated vaccine is by extracting acellular components of the organism through filtration. Examples of inactivated bacterial vaccines currently in use include: ● Anthrax—sterile filtrate from cultures of the Sterne strain of B. anthracis. ● Cholera—oral inactivated vaccine with 1mg of recombinant cholera toxin B (rCTB) in a liquid suspension of four strains of killed V. cholerae O1, representing subtypes Inaba and Ogawa and biotypes El Tor and classical. ● Pertussis—acellular vaccine has replaced previously used whole cell vaccine. ● Typhoid—purified Vi capsular polysaccharide from S. typhi; NB: the injectable, killed, whole-cell typhoid vaccine which contains heat-inactivated, phenol-preserved S. typhi organisms is no longer in use in the UK. Examples of inactivated viral vaccines currently in use in the UK include: ● Hepatitis A virus. ● Hepatitis E virus. ● Influenza A and B viruses. ● Japanese encephalitis virus. ● Polio viruses 1, 2, and 3 (IPV). ● Rabies virus. ● Tick-borne encephalitis virus. ● Bacterial vaccines: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine against tuberculosis derived from a Mycobacterium bovis strain. The oral typhoid vaccine contains a live attenuated strain of S. typhi (Ty21a) in an enteric-coated capsule. ● Viral vaccines: The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine contain live attenuated strains of measles, mumps, and rubella viruses, which are cultured separately and mixed before being lyophilized. Oral polio vaccine (OPV) against polio viruses 1, 2, and 3—OPV contains live attenuated strains of poliomyelitis virus types 1, 2, and 3 grown in cell cultures.

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Evaluation of enteric-coated tablets as a whole cell inactivated vaccine candidate against Vibrio cholerae

Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease ◽

10.1016/j.tmaid.2012.10.006 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 103-109 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sonsire Fernández ◽

Gemma Año ◽

Jorge Castaño ◽

Yadira Pino ◽

Evangelina Uribarri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vibrio Cholerae ◽

Vaccine Candidate ◽

Inactivated Vaccine ◽

Whole Cell ◽

Enteric Coated

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Typhoid VI: A Less Reactogenic Vaccine

Journal of International Medical Research ◽

10.1177/030006059202000306 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 247-253 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

N S Cumberland ◽

J St Clair Roberts ◽

W S G Arnold ◽

R K Patel ◽

C H Bowker

Keyword(s):

Single Dose ◽

Adverse Reactions ◽

Capsular Polysaccharide ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Cell Vaccine ◽

Typhoid Vaccine ◽

Whole Cell ◽

Whole Cell Vaccine ◽

Group 2 ◽

Vi Capsular Polysaccharide

A typhoid vaccine derived from the purified Vi capsular polysaccharide (CPS) antigen of Salmonella typhi was compared with a heat-killed whole-cell typhoid vaccine in 637 healthy male volunteers. The individuals were placed in three groups: group 1 received two doses of heat-killed whole-cell typhoid vaccine, at an interval of 28 days; group 2 received a single dose of typhoid Vi CPS vaccine followed after 28 days by water for injection; and group 3 received water for injection on the first occasion and a single dose of typhoid Vi CPS vaccine 28 days later. Local and systemic adverse reactions were recorded for 5 days following each injection. Subjects receiving the typhoid Vi CPS vaccine complained of fewer local adverse reactions on each of the first 3 days following immunization: on day 1, 18.6% of subjects given typhoid Vi CPS vaccine reported local reactions compared with 59.7% of those receiving heat-killed whole-cell vaccine ( P < 0.001). The percentage of subjects receiving the heat-killed whole-cell vaccine who complained of systemic reactions was more than twice that of subjects receiving the Vi CPS vaccine (7.9% and 3.4%, respectively, on day 1; P < 0.01).

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A Single Shot at Salmonella typhi: A New Typhoid Vaccine With Pediatric Advantages

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.96.2.348 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 96 (2) ◽

pp. 348-350

Author(s):

Breese Hall

Keyword(s):

Capsular Polysaccharide ◽

The United States ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Single Shot ◽

Inactivated Vaccine ◽

Typhoid Vaccine ◽

Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽

The Third ◽

Typhoid Vaccines ◽

Virulence Antigen

A new typhoid vaccine has just been licensed, which is the third typhoid vaccine available in the United States.1,2 Since publication of the 1994 Red Book occurred before licensure, this new vaccine is not included. The recommendations concerning the two previously licensed typhoid vaccines in the 1994 Red Book remain unchanged.3 The new vaccine, Typhoid Vi, is manufactured by Pasteur Mérieux (Marnes-La-Coquette, France). This parenteral vaccine is composed of the purified Vi (virulence) antigen, which is the capsular polysaccharide (ViCPS) of Salmonella typhi. The two previously licensed typhoid vaccines are an oral live-attenuated vaccine, the Ty21a vaccine, manufactured by the Swiss Serum and Vaccine Institute, and the parenteral heat-phenol-inactivated vaccine (Berne, Switzerland), manufactured by Wyeth-Ayerst, which has been available for many years.

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The case for replacing live oral polio vaccine with inactivated vaccine in the Americas

The Lancet ◽

10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30213-0 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 395 (10230) ◽

pp. 1163-1166

Author(s):

Jorge A Alfaro-Murillo ◽

Marí L Ávila-Agüero ◽

Meagan C Fitzpatrick ◽

Caroline J Crystal ◽

Luiza-Helena Falleiros-Arlant ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Polio Vaccine ◽

Inactivated Vaccine ◽

Polio Vaccine

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A Live-Attenuated Prime, Inactivated Boost Vaccination Strategy with Chimeric Hemagglutinin-Based Universal Influenza Virus Vaccines Provides Protection in Ferrets: A Confirmatory Study

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines6030047 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 47 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Raffael Nachbagauer ◽

Florian Krammer ◽

Randy Albrecht

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Virus Vaccine ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Inactivated Vaccine ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽

Virus Surface ◽

Virus Challenge ◽

Attenuated Vaccine

Influenza viruses cause severe diseases and mortality in humans on an annual basis. The current influenza virus vaccines can confer protection when they are well-matched with the circulating strains. However, due to constant changes of the virus surface glycoproteins, the vaccine efficacy can drop substantially in some seasons. In addition, the current seasonal influenza virus vaccines do not protect from avian influenza viruses of human pandemic potential. Novel influenza virus vaccines that aim to elicit antibodies against conserved epitopes like the hemagglutinin stalk could not only reduce the burden of drifted seasonal viruses but potentially also protect humans from infection with zoonotic and emerging pandemic influenza viruses. In this paper, we generated influenza virus vaccine constructs that express chimeric hemagglutinins consisting of exotic, avian head domains and a consistent stalk domain of a seasonal virus. Using such viruses in a sequential immunization regimen can redirect the immune response towards conserved epitopes. In this study, male ferrets received a live-attenuated vaccine virus based on the A/Ann Arbor/6/60 strain expressing a chimeric H8/1 (cH8/1) hemagglutinin, which was followed by a heterologous booster vaccination with a cH5/1N1 formalin inactivated non-adjuvanted whole virus. This group was compared to a second group that received a cH8/1N1 inactivated vaccine followed by a cH5/1N1 inactivated vaccine. Both groups showed a reduction in viral titers in the upper respiratory tract after the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus challenge. Animals that received the live-attenuated vaccine had low or undetectable titers in the lower respiratory tract. The results support the further development of chimeric hemagglutinin-based vaccination strategies. The outcome of this study confirms and corroborates findings from female ferrets primed with a A/Leningrad/134/17/57-based live attenuated cH8/1N1 vaccine followed by vaccination with an AS03-adjuvanted cH5/1N1 split virus vaccine 10.

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