scholarly journals Determinants of Unresponsiveness to Treatment in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Focus on Anthroponotic Form Due to Leishmania tropica

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Bamorovat ◽  
Iraj Sharifi ◽  
Razieh Tavakoli Oliaee ◽  
Abdollah Jafarzadeh ◽  
Ahmad Khosravi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Extensive Training ◽  
Therapeutic Outcomes ◽  
Poor Treatment ◽  
Therapeutic Measures ◽  
Efficacious Vaccine

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a curable disease; however, due to various risk factors, unresponsiveness to CL treatments is inevitable. The treatment of CL has been firmly correlated with multiple determinants, such as demographical, clinical, and environmental factors, the host’s immune response, poor treatment adherence, the parasite’s genetic make-up, and Leishmania RNA virus. This study primarily focuses on the risk factors associated with different therapeutic outcomes following meglumine antimoniate (MA; Glucantime®) treatment and policy approaches to prevent unresponsiveness in CL patients with a focus on anthroponotic form (ACL). Findings suggest that effective preventive and therapeutic measures should be more vigorously implemented, particularly in endemic areas. Accordingly, extensive training is essential to monitor drug unresponsiveness regularly, especially in tropical regions where the disease is prevalent. Since humans are the fundamental reservoir host of ACL due to L. tropica, prompt detection, early diagnosis, and timely and effective treatment could help control this disease. Furthermore, major challenges and gaps remain: efficacious vaccine, new tools, and expert staff are crucial before CL can be definitively controlled.

Insulin Resistance and Glucose Homeostasis in Peritoneal Dialysis

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 145-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Cezar Fortes ◽  
Thyago Proença de Moraes ◽  
Jamille Godoy Mendes ◽  
Andrea E. Stinghen ◽  
Silvia Carreira Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Patient Survival ◽  
Metabolic Abnormalities ◽  
Dialysis Fluid ◽  
Altered Glucose ◽  
Insulin Homeostasis ◽  
Therapeutic Measures

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of death in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, a situation that can be explained by a combination of traditional and nontraditional risk factors for CVD in these patients. Glucose and insulin homeostasis are altered in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients even in the early stages of CKD, leading to insulin resistance by various pathways. Several factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, including anemia, dyslipidemia, uremia, malnutrition, excess of parathyroid hormone, vitamin D deficiency, metabolic acidosis, and increase in plasma free fatty acids and proinflammatory cytokines. Insulin resistance and dyslipidemia are observed and increase with the progression of CKD, playing an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension and atherosclerosis. Particularly in PD patients, exposure to glucose from dialysis fluid accentuates the foregoing metabolic abnormalities. In conclusion, insulin resistance and altered glucose metabolism are frequently observed in CKD, and although dialysis partly corrects those disturbances, the use of glucose PD solutions intensifies a series of harmful metabolic consequences. New therapeutic measures aimed at reducing metabolic disorders are urgently needed and perhaps will improve PD patient survival.

scholarly journals Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Algeria; Highlight on the Focus of M’Sila

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 962
Author(s):  
Razika Beniklef ◽  
Karim Aoun ◽  
Karim Boudrissa ◽  
Meriem Ben Abid ◽  
Kamel Cherif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
Psammomys Obesus ◽  
Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽  
Wild Rodents ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Medical Importance ◽  
Underlying Risk

Algeria ranks second after Afghanistan for the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) worldwide. Here, we report a 34-years retrospective analysis of CL in Algeria and focused on the most affected region, the M’Sila province. All 66 cutaneous isolates corresponded to Leishmania (L.) major. Our study of the sandfly and rodent fauna further highlighted the high density of Phlebotomus papatasi and additional phlebotomine species of medical importance, not previously identified in M’Sila. Wild rodents belonging to nine species were trapped in M’Sila, and Psammomys obesus and Meriones shawi were found infected by L. major. In addition, Leishmania infantum was isolated from two visceral leishmaniasis cases, one dog and its proven vectors (P. perniciosus, P. longicuspis, and P. perfiliewi) inventoried during the survey. The high incidence of CL in the M’Sila province is likely a consequence of the increase in minimum temperatures recorded that constitutes suitable conditions for establishing a high endemicity and leads to an explosive rise in leishmaniases cases in this region. A thorough investigation of the underlying risk factors is urgently needed to detect new cases earlier. All these would improve the preparedness to fight the disease.

Risk factors for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Cukurova region, Turkey

2012 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Votýpka ◽  
Ozge Erisoz Kasap ◽  
Petr Volf ◽  
Petr Kodym ◽  
Bulent Alten
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

scholarly journals Risk factors for cutaneous leishmaniasis in a high-altitude forest region of Peru

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin T. Lana ◽  
Andrés Mallipudi ◽  
Ernesto J. Ortiz ◽  
Jairo H. Arevalo ◽  
Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Agricultural Field ◽  
Domestic Spaces ◽  
Field Worker ◽  
Home Interview ◽  
Women And Children

Abstract Background American cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease typically associated with men working in remote, sylvatic environments. We sought to identify CL risk factors in a highly deforested region where anecdotal reports suggested an atypical proportion of women and children were infected with CL raising concern among authorities that transmission was shifting towards domestic spaces and population centers. Methods We describe the characteristics of CL patients from four participating clinics after digitizing up to 10 years of patient data from each clinic’s CL registries. We assessed risk factors of CL associated with intradomestic, peridomestic, or non-domestic transmission through a matched case-control study with 63 patients who had visited these same clinics for CL (cases) or other medical reasons (controls) between January 2014 and August 2016. The study consisted of an in-home interview of participants by a trained field worker using a standard questionnaire. Risk factors were identified using bivariable and multivariable conditional logistic regression. Results Between 2007 and 2016, a total of 529 confirmed CL positives were recorded in the available CL registries. Children and working aged women made up 58.6% of the cases. Our final model suggests that the odds of sleeping in or very near an agricultural field were five times greater in cases than controls (p = 0.025). Survey data indicate that women, children, and men have similar propensities to both visit and sleep in or near agricultural fields. Conclusions Women and children may be underappreciated as CL risk groups in agriculturally dependent regions. Despite the age-sex breakdown of clinical CL patients and high rates of deforestation occurring in the study area, transmission is mostly occurring outside of the largest population centers. Curbing transmission in non-domestic spaces may be limited to decreasing exposure to sandflies during the evening, nighttime, and early morning hours. Our paper serves as a cautionary tale for those relying solely on the demographic information obtained from clinic-based data to understand basic epidemiological trends of vector-borne infections.

scholarly journals RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH AMERICAN CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS IN AN ENDEMIC AREA OF BRAZIL

2016 ◽  
Vol 58 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberon Ribeiro de ARAUJO ◽  
Nairomberg Cavalcanti PORTELA ◽  
Ana Paula Sampaio FEITOSA ◽  
Otamires Alves da SILVA ◽  
Ricardo Andrade Arraes XIMENES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Endemic Area ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

scholarly journals American cutaneous leishmaniasis in French Guiana: an epidemiological update and study of environmental risk factors

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (11) ◽  
pp. 1323-1328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rémi Loiseau ◽  
Cecile Nabet ◽  
Stephane Simon ◽  
Marine Ginouves ◽  
Paul Brousse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
French Guiana ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of Leishmania RNA virus 2 in Leishmania major from Uzbekistan

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuliya Kleschenko ◽  
Danyil Grybchuk ◽  
Nadezhda S. Matveeva ◽  
Diego H. Macedo ◽  
Evgeny N. Ponirovsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Viral Sequences

Here we report sequence and phylogenetic analysis of two new isolates of Leishmania RNA virus 2 (LRV2) found in Leishmania major isolated from human patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in south Uzbekistan. These new virus-infected flagellates were isolated in the same region of Uzbekistan and the viral sequences differed by only nineteen SNPs, all except one being silent mutations. Therefore, we concluded that they belong to a single LRV2 species. New viruses are closely related to the LRV2-Lmj-ASKH documented in Turkmenistan in 1995, which is congruent with their shared host (L. major) and common geographical origin.

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