scholarly journals Genomic Epidemiology and Global Population Structure of Exfoliative Toxin A-Producing Staphylococcus aureus Strains Associated With Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taj Azarian ◽  
Eleonora Cella ◽  
Sarah L. Baines ◽  
Margot J. Shumaker ◽  
Carol Samel ◽  
...  

Staphylococci producing exfoliative toxins are the causative agents of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS). Exfoliative toxin A (ETA) is encoded by eta, which is harbored on a temperate bacteriophage ΦETA. A recent increase in the incidence of SSSS in North America has been observed; yet it is largely unknown whether this is the result of host range expansion of ΦETA or migration and emergence of established lineages. Here, we detail an outbreak investigation of SSSS in a neonatal intensive care unit, for which we applied whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and phylogenetic analysis of Staphylococcus aureus isolates collected from cases and screening of healthcare workers. We identified the causative strain as a methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) sequence type 582 (ST582) possessing ΦETA. To then elucidate the global distribution of ΦETA among staphylococci, we used a recently developed tool to query extant bacterial WGS data for biosamples containing eta, which yielded 436 genomes collected between 1994 and 2019 from 32 countries. Applying population genomic analysis, we resolved the global distribution of S. aureus with lysogenized ΦETA and assessed antibiotic resistance determinants as well as the diversity of ΦETA. The population is highly structured with eight dominant sequence clusters (SCs) that generally aligned with S. aureus ST clonal complexes. The most prevalent STs included ST109 (24.3%), ST15 (13.1%), ST121 (10.1%), and ST582 (7.1%). Among strains with available data, there was an even distribution of isolates from carriage and disease. Only the SC containing ST121 had significantly more isolates collected from disease (69%, n = 46) than carriage (31%, n = 21). Further, we identified 10.6% (46/436) of strains as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) based on the presence of mecA and the SCCmec element. Assessment of ΦETA diversity based on nucleotide identity revealed 27 phylogroups, and prophage gene content further resolved 62 clusters. ΦETA was relatively stable within lineages, yet prophage variation is geographically structured. This suggests that the reported increase in incidence is associated with migration and expansion of existing lineages, not the movement of ΦETA to new genomic backgrounds. This revised global view reveals that ΦETA is diverse and is widely distributed on multiple genomic backgrounds whose distribution varies geographically.

1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 3057-3059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjoern Peters ◽  
Juliane Hentschel ◽  
Harald Mau ◽  
Elke Halle ◽  
Wolfgang Witte ◽  
...  

The course of infection in a 3-week-old premature newborn suffering from extensive dermatitis with flaccid blisters is described.Staphylococcus aureus was recovered from a local wound infection around a chest tube inserted to drain a postoperative chylothorax. The strain isolated tested positive for theeta gene for exfoliative toxin A, the causative agent of staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome (SSSS). In this case, prematurity and loss of chylus with consecutive lymphopenia may have contributed to development of SSSS.


2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Abaev ◽  
Yury Skryabin ◽  
Angelina Kislichkina ◽  
Alexandr Bogun ◽  
Olga Korobova ◽  
...  

Staphylococcus aureus clonal complex 8 (CC8) has not been associated with staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome (SSSS) in newborns and exfoliative toxin genes. Here, we report the draft genome sequences of exfoliative toxin A-producing B-7772, B-7777 (both CC8), and B-7774 (CC15) strains associated with SSSS in newborns.


1995 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Mackenzie ◽  
Wendy Johnson ◽  
Barbara Heyes ◽  
Barbara Norrish ◽  
Frances Jamieson

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roohollah Zarei Koosha ◽  
Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi ◽  
Hamideh Mahmoodzadeh Hosseini ◽  
Elnaz Mehdizadeh Aghdam

2000 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 2366-2368 ◽  
Author(s):  
James V. Rago ◽  
Gregory M. Vath ◽  
Timothy J. Tripp ◽  
Gregory A. Bohach ◽  
Douglas H. Ohlendorf ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT The staphylococcal exfoliative toxins (ETs) A and B (ETA and ETB) are 27-kDa exotoxins produced by certain strains ofStaphylococcus aureus and are the causative agents of staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome. The crystal structures of the ETs strongly indicate that the proteins are members of the serine protease family of enzymes, although protease activity until now has not yet been conclusively demonstrated. Here, we show that the peptide β-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (β-MSH) is cleaved by ETA and that both ETA and ETB are capable of cleaving α-MSH. Both toxins exhibit cleavage at specific glutamic acid residues in MSH peptides. Moreover, biologically inactive mutants of ETA were incapable of cleaving β-MSH.


2014 ◽  
Vol 174 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Saida ◽  
Kenji Kawasaki ◽  
Kanae Hirabayashi ◽  
Yohei Akazawa ◽  
Seiko Kubota ◽  
...  

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. e0164397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taj Azarian ◽  
Nizar F. Maraqa ◽  
Robert L. Cook ◽  
Judith A. Johnson ◽  
Christine Bailey ◽  
...  

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