scholarly journals Event-Related Desynchronization and Corticomuscular Coherence Observed During Volitional Swallow by Electroencephalography Recordings in Humans

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoko Koganemaru ◽  
Fumiya Mizuno ◽  
Toshimitsu Takahashi ◽  
Yuu Takemura ◽  
Hiroshi Irisawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Event Related Desynchronization ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Corticomuscular Coherence ◽  
Pharyngeal Muscles ◽  
Beta Frequency Band ◽  
Tongue Movements ◽  
Eeg Recordings ◽  
Beta Frequency

Swallowing in humans involves many cortical areas although it is partly mediated by a series of brainstem reflexes. Cortical motor commands are sent to muscles during swallow. Previous works using magnetoencephalography showed event-related desynchronization (ERD) during swallow and corticomuscular coherence (CMC) during tongue movements in the bilateral sensorimotor and motor-related areas. However, there have been few analogous works that use electroencephalography (EEG). We investigated the ERD and CMC in the bilateral sensorimotor, premotor, and inferior prefrontal areas during volitional swallow by EEG recordings in 18 healthy human subjects. As a result, we found a significant ERD in the beta frequency band and CMC in the theta, alpha, and beta frequency bands during swallow in those cortical areas. These results suggest that EEG can detect the desynchronized activity and oscillatory interaction between the cortex and pharyngeal muscles in the bilateral sensorimotor, premotor, and inferior prefrontal areas during volitional swallow in humans.

scholarly journals State-dependent differences in the frequency of TMS-evoked potentials

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candice T. Stanfield ◽  
Martin Wiener
Keyword(s):  
Resting State ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Dominant Frequency ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Concurrent Use ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
The Right

AbstractPrevious evidence suggests different cortical areas naturally oscillate at distinct frequencies, reflecting tuning properties of each region. The concurrent use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electroencephalography (EEG) has been used to perturb cortical regions, resulting in an observed post-stimulation response that is maximal at the natural frequency of that region. However, little is known about the spatial extent of TMS-induced activation differences in cortical regions when comparing resting state (passive) versus active task performance. Here, we employed TMS-EEG to directly perturb three cortical areas in the right hemisphere while measuring the resultant changes in maximal evoked frequency in healthy human subjects during a resting state (N=12) and during an active sensorimotor task (N=12). Our results revealed that the brain engages a higher dominant frequency mode when actively engaged in a task, such that the frequency evoked during a task is consistently higher across cortical regions, regardless of the region stimulated. These findings suggest that a distinct characteristic of active performance versus resting state is a higher state of natural cortical frequencies.

Firing Patterns of Human Genioglossus Motor Units During Voluntary Tongue Movement

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 933-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Fiona Bailey ◽  
Amber D. Rice ◽  
Andrew J. Fuglevand
Keyword(s):  
Firing Rate ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Motor Units ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Single Motor Unit ◽  
Airway Patency ◽  
Tongue Muscle ◽  
Human Tongue ◽  
Tongue Movements

The tongue participates in a range of complex oromotor behaviors, including mastication, swallowing, respiration, and speech. Previous electromyographic studies of the human tongue have focused on respiratory-related tongue muscle activities and their role in maintaining upper airway patency. Remarkably, the activities of human hypoglossal motor units have not been studied during the execution of voluntary maneuvers. We recorded single motor unit activity using tungsten microelectrodes in the genioglossus muscle of 10 healthy human subjects performing both slow tongue protrusions and a static holding maneuver. Displacement of the tongue was detected by an isotonic transducer coupled to the lingual surface through a customized lever arm. For protrusion trials, the firing rate at recruitment was 13.1 ± 3 Hz and increased steeply to an average of 24 ± 6 Hz, often with very modest increases in tongue protrusion. For the static holding task, the average firing rate was 16.1 ± 4 Hz, which is surprisingly high relative to limb motor units. The average coefficient of variation of interspike intervals was ∼20% (range, 10–28%). These are the first recordings of their type obtained in human subjects and provide an initial glimpse into the voluntary control of hypoglossal motoneurons during tongue movements presumably instigated by activity in the motor cortex.

scholarly journals State-dependent differences in the frequency of TMS-evoked potentials between resting and active states

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candice T. Stanfield ◽  
Martin Wiener
Keyword(s):  
Resting State ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Dominant Frequency ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Concurrent Use ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
The Right

AbstractPrevious evidence suggests different cortical areas naturally oscillate at distinct frequencies, reflecting tuning properties of each region. The concurrent use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electroencephalography (EEG) has been used to perturb cortical regions, resulting in an observed post-stimulation response that is maximal at the natural frequency of that region. However, little is known about the spatial extent of TMS-induced activation differences in cortical regions when comparing resting state (passive) versus active task performance. Here, we employed TMS-EEG to directly perturb three cortical areas in the right hemisphere while measuring the resultant changes in maximal evoked frequency in healthy human subjects during a resting state (N=12) and during an active sensorimotor task (N=12). Our results revealed that the brain engages a higher dominant frequency mode when actively engaged in a task, such that the frequency evoked during a task is consistently higher across cortical regions, regardless of the region stimulated. These findings suggest that a distinct characteristic of active performance versus resting state is a higher state of natural cortical frequencies.

Minimizing Carry-Over Effects After Treatment Failure and Maximizing Therapeutic Outcome

2014 ◽  
Vol 222 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mareile Hofmann ◽  
Nathalie Wrobel ◽  
Simon Kessner ◽  
Ulrike Bingel
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Failure ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Subsequent Treatment ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Administration Route ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Analgesic Treatment ◽  
Balanced Design ◽  
Carry Over

According to experimental and clinical evidence, the experiences of previous treatments are carried over to different therapeutic approaches and impair the outcome of subsequent treatments. In this behavioral pilot study we used a change in administration route to investigate whether the effect of prior treatment experience on a subsequent treatment depends on the similarity of both treatments. We experimentally induced positive or negative experiences with a topical analgesic treatment in two groups of healthy human subjects. Subsequently, we compared responses to a second, unrelated and systemic analgesic treatment between both the positive and negative group. We found that there was no difference in the analgesic response to the second treatment between the two groups. Our data indicate that a change in administration route might reduce the influence of treatment history and therefore be a way to reduce negative carry-over effects after treatment failure. Future studies will have to validate these findings in a fully balanced design including larger, clinical samples.

Detection of Soluble Fibrin Monomer Complexes in Blood by Means of Protamine Sulphate Test

1968 ◽  
Vol 20 (01/02) ◽  
pp. 044-049 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Lipiński ◽  
K Worowski
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Coronary Thrombosis ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Protamine Sulphate ◽  
Soluble Fibrin ◽  
Fibrin Monomer ◽  
Dog Plasma ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Precipitable Protein

SummaryIn the present paper described is a simple test for detecting soluble fibrin monomer complexes (SFMC) in blood. The test consists in mixing 1% protamine sulphate with diluted oxalated plasma or serum and reading the optical density at 6190 Å. In experiments with dog plasma, enriched with soluble fibrin complexes, it was shown that OD read in PS test is proportional to the amount of fibrin recovered from the precipitate. It was found that SFMC level in plasma increases in rabbits infused intravenously with thrombin and decreases after injection of plasmin with streptokinase. In both cases PS precipitable protein in serum is elevated indicating enhanced fibrinolysis. In healthy human subjects the mean value of OD readings in plasma and sera were found to be 0.30 and 0.11, while in patients with coronary thrombosis they are 0.64 and 0.05 respectively. The origin of SFMC in circulation under physiological and pathological conditions is discussed.

Chronic stress decreases circulating endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol in healthy human subjects

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Buqing Yi ◽  
Igor Nichiporuk ◽  
Matthias Feuerecker ◽  
Gustav Schelling ◽  
Alexander Chouker
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Healthy Human Subjects

scholarly journals Acacia Gum Is Well Tolerated While Increasing Satiety and Lowering Peak Blood Glucose Response in Healthy Human Subjects

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 618
Author(s):  
Riley Larson ◽  
Courtney Nelson ◽  
Renee Korczak ◽  
Holly Willis ◽  
Jennifer Erickson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Soluble Fiber ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Blood Glucose Response ◽  
Acacia Gum ◽  
Fiber Treatment ◽  
Healthy Human Subjects

Acacia gum (AG) is a non-viscous soluble fiber that is easily incorporated into beverages and foods. To determine its physiological effects in healthy human subjects, we fed 0, 20, and 40 g of acacia gum in orange juice along with a bagel and cream cheese after a 12 h fast and compared satiety, glycemic response, gastrointestinal tolerance, and food intake among treatments. Subjects (n = 48) reported less hunger and greater fullness at 15 min (p = 0.019 and 0.003, respectively) and 240 min (p = 0.036 and 0.05, respectively) after breakfast with the 40 g fiber treatment. They also reported being more satisfied at 15 min (p = 0.011) and less hungry with the 40 g fiber treatment at 30 min (p = 0.012). Subjects reported more bloating, flatulence, and GI rumbling on the 40 g fiber treatment compared to control, although values for GI tolerance were all low with AG treatment. No significant differences were found in area under the curve (AUC) or change from baseline for blood glucose response, although actual blood glucose with 20 g fiber at 30 min was significantly less than control. Individuals varied greatly in their postprandial glucose response to all treatments. AG improves satiety response and may lower peak glucose response at certain timepoints, and it is well tolerated in healthy human subjects. AG can be added to beverages and foods in doses that can help meet fiber recommendations.

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