scholarly journals Brain Processes Involved in Motor Planning Are a Dominant Factor for Inducing Event-Related Desynchronization

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kosei Nakayashiki ◽  
Hajime Tojiki ◽  
Yoshikatsu Hayashi ◽  
Shiro Yano ◽  
Toshiyuki Kondo
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Force Feedback ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Motor Execution ◽  
Event Related Desynchronization ◽  
Motor Intention ◽  
Grasping Force ◽  
Loop Condition

Event-related desynchronization (ERD) is a relative attenuation in the spectral power of an electroencephalogram (EEG) observed over the sensorimotor area during motor execution and motor imagery. It is a well-known EEG feature and is commonly employed in brain-computer interfaces. However, its underlying neural mechanisms are not fully understood, as ERD is a single variable correlated with external events involving numerous pathways, such as motor intention, planning, and execution. In this study, we aimed to identify a dominant factor for inducing ERD. Participants were instructed to grasp their right hand with three different (10, 25, or 40%MVF: maximum voluntary force) levels under two distinct experimental conditions: a closed-loop condition involving real-time visual force feedback (VF) or an open-loop condition in a feedforward (FF) manner. In each condition, participants were instructed to repeat the grasping task a certain number of times with a timeline of Rest (10.0 s), Preparation (1.0 s), and Motor Execution (4.0 s) periods, respectively. EEG signals were recorded simultaneously with the motor task to evaluate the time-course of the event-related spectrum perturbation for each condition and dissect the modulation of EEG power. We performed statistical analysis of mu and beta-ERD under the instructed grasping force levels and the feedback conditions. In the FF condition (i.e., no force feedback), mu and beta-ERD were significantly attenuated in the contralateral motor cortex during the middle of the motor execution period, while ERD in the VF condition was maintained even during keep grasping. Only mu-ERD at the somatosensory cortex tended to be slightly stronger in high load conditions. The results suggest that the extent of ERD reflects neural activity involved in the motor planning process for changing virtual equilibrium point rather than the motor control process for recruiting motor neurons to regulate grasping force.

scholarly journals Perceptual modulation of parietal activity during urgent saccadic choices

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua A. Seideman ◽  
Emilio Salinas ◽  
Terrence R. Stanford
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Single Neuron ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Neuron Activity ◽  
Lateral Intraparietal Cortex ◽  
Perceptual Evaluation ◽  
Visuomotor Transformations ◽  
Sensory Evidence ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Single Neuron Activity

The lateral intraparietal cortex (LIP) contributes to visuomotor transformations for determining where to look next. However, its spatial selectivity can signify attentional priority, motor planning, perceptual discrimination, or other mechanisms. Resolving how this LIP signal influences a perceptually guided choice requires knowing exactly when such signal arises and when the perceptual evaluation informs behavior. To achieve this, we recorded single-neuron activity while monkeys performed an urgent choice task for which the perceptual evaluation’s progress can be tracked millisecond by millisecond. The evoked presaccadic responses were strong, exhibited modest motor preference, and were only weakly modulated by sensory evidence. This modulation was remarkable, though, in that its time course preceded and paralleled that of behavioral performance (choice accuracy), and it closely resembled the statistical definition of confidence. The results indicate that, as the choice process unfolds, LIP dynamically combines attentional, motor, and perceptual signals, the former being much stronger than the latter.

scholarly journals Cortical activity at different time scales: high-pass filtering separates motor planning and execution

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Eriksson ◽  
Mona Heiland ◽  
Artur Schneider ◽  
Ilka Diester
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Motor Execution ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Pass Filter ◽  
Planning Processes ◽  
Filter Approach ◽  
High Pass ◽  
Forelimb Movements

AbstractThe smooth conduction of movements requires simultaneous motor planning and execution according to internal goals. So far it is not known how such movement plans can be modified without being distorted by ongoing movements. Previous studies have isolated planning and execution related neuronal activity by separating behavioral planning and movement periods in time by sensory cues1–7. Here, we introduced two novel tasks in which motor planning developed intrinsically. We separated this continuous self-paced motor planning statistically from motor execution by experimentally minimizing the repetitiveness of the movements. Thereby, we found that in the rat sensorimotor cortex, neuronal motor planning processes evolved with slower dynamics than movement related responses both on a sorted unit and population level. The fast evolving neuronal activity preceded skilled forelimb movements while it coincided with movements in a locomotor task. We captured this fast evolving movement related activity via a high-pass filter approach and confirmed the results with optogenetic stimulations. As biological mechanism underlying such a high pass filtering we suggest neuronal adaption. The differences in dynamics combined with a high pass filtering mechanism represents a simple principle for concurrent motor planning and execution in which planning will result in relatively slow dynamics that will not produce movements.

scholarly journals Neurophysiological correlates of motor planning and movement initiation in ACL-reconstructed individuals: a case–control study

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. e023048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Giesche ◽  
Tobias Engeroff ◽  
Jan Wilke ◽  
Daniel Niederer ◽  
Lutz Vogt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Movement Initiation

IntroductionCurrent evidence suggests that the loss of mechanoreceptors after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears might be compensated by increased cortical motor planning. This occupation of cerebral resources may limit the potential to quickly adapt movements to unforeseen external stimuli in the athletic environment. To date, studies investigating such neural alterations during movement focused on simple, anticipated tasks with low ecological validity. This trial, therefore, aims to investigate the cortical and biomechanical processes associated with more sport-related and injury-related movements in ACL-reconstructed individuals.Methods and analysisACL-reconstructed participants and uninjured controls will perform repetitive countermovement jumps with single leg landings. Two different conditions are to be completed: anticipated (n=35) versus unanticipated (n=35) successful landings. Under the anticipated condition, participants receive the visual information depicting the requested landing leg prior to the jump. In the unanticipated condition, this information will be provided only about 400 msec prior to landing. Neural correlates of motor planning will be measured using electroencephalography. In detail, movement-related cortical potentials, frequency spectral power and functional connectivity will be assessed. Biomechanical landing quality will be captured via a capacitive force plate. Calculated parameters encompass time to stabilisation, vertical peak ground reaction force, and centre of pressure path length. Potential systematic differences between ACL-reconstructed individuals and controls will be identified in dependence of jumping condition (anticipated/ unanticipated, injured/uninjured leg and controls) by using interference statistics. Potential associations between the cortical and biomechanical measures will be calculated by means of correlation analysis. In case of statistical significance (α<0.05.) further confounders (cofactors) will be considered.Ethics and disseminationThe independent Ethics Committee of the University of Frankfurt (Faculty of Psychology and Sports Sciences) approved the study. Publications in peer-reviewed journals are planned. The findings will be presented at scientific conferences.Trial statusAt the time of submission of this manuscript, recruitment is ongoing.Trial registration numberNCT03336060; Pre-results.

scholarly journals Separable neuronal contributions to covertly attended locations and movement goals in macaque frontal cortex

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (14) ◽  
pp. eabe0716
Author(s):  
Adam Messinger ◽  
Rossella Cirillo ◽  
Steven P. Wise ◽  
Aldo Genovesio
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Movement Planning ◽  
Covert Attention ◽  
Endogenous Attention ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Flexible Control ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Motor Intention ◽  
Symbolic Cues

We investigated the spatial representation of covert attention and movement planning in monkeys performing a task that used symbolic cues to decouple the locus of covert attention from the motor target. In the three frontal areas studied, most spatially tuned neurons reflected either where attention was allocated or the planned saccade. Neurons modulated by both covert attention and the motor plan were in the minority. Such dual-purpose neurons were especially rare in premotor and prefrontal cortex but were more common just rostral to the arcuate sulcus. The existence of neurons that indicate where the monkey was attending but not its movement goal runs counter to the idea that the control of spatial attention is entirely reliant on the neuronal circuits underlying motor planning. Rather, the presence of separate neuronal populations for each cognitive process suggests that endogenous attention is under flexible control and can be dissociated from motor intention.

scholarly journals Distinct dynamics of neuronal activity during concurrent motor planning and execution

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Eriksson ◽  
Mona Heiland ◽  
Artur Schneider ◽  
Ilka Diester
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Sensorimotor Cortex ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Sensory Cues ◽  
Motor Execution ◽  
Planning Processes ◽  
High Pass ◽  
Forelimb Movements

AbstractThe smooth conduct of movements requires simultaneous motor planning and execution according to internal goals. So far it remains unknown how such movement plans are modified without interfering with ongoing movements. Previous studies have isolated planning and execution-related neuronal activity by separating behavioral planning and movement periods in time by sensory cues. Here, we separate continuous self-paced motor planning from motor execution statistically, by experimentally minimizing the repetitiveness of the movements. This approach shows that, in the rat sensorimotor cortex, neuronal motor planning processes evolve with slower dynamics than movement-related responses. Fast-evolving neuronal activity precees skilled forelimb movements and is nested within slower dynamics. We capture this effect via high-pass filtering and confirm the results with optogenetic stimulations. The various dynamics combined with adaptation-based high-pass filtering provide a simple principle for separating concurrent motor planning and execution.

Vibrotactile grasping force and hand aperture feedback for myoelectric forearm prosthesis users

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 204-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi JB Witteveen ◽  
Hans S Rietman ◽  
Peter H Veltink
Keyword(s):  
Upper Limb ◽  
Force Feedback ◽  
Feedback Condition ◽  
Limb Loss ◽  
Vibrotactile Stimulation ◽  
Vibrotactile Feedback ◽  
Task Durations ◽  
Grasping Force ◽  
Additional Value ◽  
Virtual Grasping

Background: User feedback about grasping force and hand aperture is very important in object handling with myoelectric forearm prostheses but is lacking in current prostheses. Vibrotactile feedback increases the performance of healthy subjects in virtual grasping tasks, but no extensive validation on potential users has been performed. Objectives: Investigate the performance of upper-limb loss subjects in grasping tasks with vibrotactile stimulation, providing hand aperture, and grasping force feedback. Study design: Cross-over trial. Methods: A total of 10 subjects with upper-limb loss performed virtual grasping tasks while perceiving vibrotactile feedback. Hand aperture feedback was provided through an array of coin motors and grasping force feedback through a single miniature stimulator or an array of coin motors. Objects with varying sizes and weights had to be grasped by a virtual hand. Results: Percentages correctly applied hand apertures and correct grasping force levels were all higher for the vibrotactile feedback condition compared to the no-feedback condition. With visual feedback, the results were always better compared to the vibrotactile feedback condition. Task durations were comparable for all feedback conditions. Conclusion: Vibrotactile grasping force and hand aperture feedback improves grasping performance of subjects with upper-limb loss. However, it should be investigated whether this is of additional value in daily-life tasks. Clinical relevance This study is a first step toward the implementation of sensory vibrotactile feedback for users of myoelectric forearm prostheses. Grasping force feedback is crucial for optimal object handling, and hand aperture feedback is essential for reduction of required visual attention. Grasping performance with feedback is evaluated for the potential users.

A Compact and Modular Laparoscopic Grasper With Tridirectional Force Measurement Capability

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Tholey ◽  
Jaydev P. Desai
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Characterization ◽  
Force Feedback ◽  
Haptic Feedback ◽  
Modular Design ◽  
Force Measurement ◽  
Robot Assisted ◽  
Measurement Capability ◽  
Laparoscopic Grasper ◽  
Grasping Force ◽  
Conventional Open Surgery

The introduction of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) into the operating room has led to significant advantages over conventional open surgery. Furthermore, the migration toward robot-assisted MIS over the past decade has provided additional advantages. However, the lack of haptic feedback in these tele-operated robotic surgical systems has inhibited the surgeon’s ability to diagnose tissue as healthy or unhealthy, thereby creating a need for force feedback in these systems. This paper presents the design and development of a compact and modular laparoscopic grasper with tridirectional force measurement capability for applications in robot-assisted MIS. The instrumented laparoscopic grasper is capable of measuring the normal grasping force, as well as the manipulation forces (horizontal and vertical) during grasping tasks. The grasper also has a modular design that allows for easy conversion between different surgical modalities, such as grasping, cutting, and dissecting. Preliminary tele-operative experiments with force feedback capability through a haptic feedback device for artificial tissue characterization as well as knot tightening experiments indicate the capability of this grasper.

scholarly journals Role of motor execution in the ocular tracking of self-generated movements

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 2586-2593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Chen ◽  
Matteo Valsecchi ◽  
Karl R. Gegenfurtner
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Decision Processes ◽  
Motor Execution ◽  
Mechanical Device ◽  
Motor Commands ◽  
Motor Intention ◽  
Ocular Tracking ◽  
Pursuit Gain

When human observers track the movements of their own hand with their gaze, the eyes can start moving before the finger (i.e., anticipatory smooth pursuit). The signals driving anticipation could come from motor commands during finger motor execution or from motor intention and decision processes associated with self-initiated movements. For the present study, we built a mechanical device that could move a visual target either in the same direction as the participant's hand or in the opposite direction. Gaze pursuit of the target showed stronger anticipation if it moved in the same direction as the hand compared with the opposite direction, as evidenced by decreased pursuit latency, increased positional lead of the eye relative to target, increased pursuit gain, decreased saccade rate, and decreased delay at the movement reversal. Some degree of anticipation occurred for incongruent pursuit, indicating that there is a role for higher-level movement prediction in pursuit anticipation. The fact that anticipation was larger when target and finger moved in the same direction provides evidence for a direct coupling between finger and eye motor commands.

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