scholarly journals rTMS Induces Brain Functional and Structural Alternations in Schizophrenia Patient With Auditory Verbal Hallucination

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanjun Xie ◽  
Muzhen Guan ◽  
Zhongheng Wang ◽  
Zhujing Ma ◽  
Huaning Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Visual Learning ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Inferior Temporal Cortex ◽  
Positive Symptoms ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Auditory Verbal Hallucination

BackgroundLow-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the left temporoparietal cortex reduces the auditory verbal hallucination (AVH) in schizophrenia. However, the underlying neural basis of the rTMS treatment effect for schizophrenia remains not well understood. This study investigates the rTMS induced brain functional and structural alternations and their associations with clinical as well as neurocognitive profiles in schizophrenia patients with AVH.MethodsThirty schizophrenia patients with AVH and thirty-three matched healthy controls were enrolled. The patients were administered by 15 days of 1 Hz rTMS delivering to the left temporoparietal junction (TPJ) area. Clinical symptoms and neurocognitive measurements were assessed at pre- and post-rTMS treatment. The functional (amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation, ALFF) and structural (gray matter volume, GMV) alternations were compared, and they were then used to related to the clinical and neurocognitive measurements after rTMS treatment.ResultsThe results showed that the positive symptoms, including AVH, were relieved, and certain neurocognitive measurements, including visual learning (VisLearn) and verbal learning (VerbLearn), were improved after the rTMS treatment in the patient group. Furthermore, the rTMS treatment induced brain functional and structural alternations in patients, such as enhanced ALFF in the left superior frontal gyrus and larger GMV in the right inferior temporal cortex. The baseline ALFF and GMV values in certain brain areas (e.g., the inferior parietal lobule and superior temporal gyrus) could be associated with the clinical symptoms (e.g., positive symptoms) and neurocognitive performances (e.g., VerbLearn and VisLearn) after rTMS treatment in patients.ConclusionThe low-frequency rTMS over the left TPJ area is an efficacious treatment for schizophrenia patients with AVH and could selectively modulate the neural basis underlying psychiatric symptoms and neurocognitive domains in schizophrenia.

scholarly journals High-Dose Betahistine Improves Cognitive Function in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongqian Wang ◽  
Xufeng Huang ◽  
Hongzhen Fan ◽  
Huimei An ◽  
Ting Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Visual Learning ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Chinese Han ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Double Blind Placebo

Background: There is currently no effective treatment for cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Recent studies have shown that increased histamine levels in the brain may help to improve CIAS symptoms. Betahistine is an H1-receptor agonist and H3-receptor antagonist. This study evaluated the effect of high-dose betahistine on cognitive function as well as its safety in Chinese Han patients with schizophrenia.Methods: This randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial enrolled 89 patients with schizophrenia who were randomly administered betahistine (72 mg/d) or placebo for 12 weeks. At baseline and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after commencing the intervention, we measured changes in cognitive function and clinical symptoms using the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), respectively. Furthermore, we used the Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS) to assess the adverse effects of the patients' medications.Results: Compared to the placebo group, the betahistine group showed significant improvements in the MCCB composite score after 12 weeks of treatment (p = 0.003) as well as improvements in MCCB verbal learning (p = 0.02) and visual learning (p = 0.001) domain scores. However, there were no significant improvements in the PANSS total scores or subscores (p > 0.05). Generally, high-dose betahistine treatment was considered safe in patients with schizophrenia.Conclusions: Additional use of high-dose betahistine can effectively improve cognitive function but not psychiatric symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Betahistine (72 mg/d) is well tolerated by Chinese Han patients with schizophrenia.Trial Registration:chictr.org.cn, identifier: ChiCTR1900021078. http://www.chictr.org.cn/edit.aspx?pid=35484&htm=4

scholarly journals Cognitive-perceptual deficits and symptom correlates in first-episode schizophrenia

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riaan M. Olivier ◽  
Sanja Kilian ◽  
Bonginkosi Chiliza ◽  
Laila Asmal ◽  
Petrus P. Oosthuizen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Visual Learning ◽  
Cognitive Remediation ◽  
Thought Disorder ◽  
Form Perception ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Positive Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
State Hospitals ◽  
Training Programmes

Background: Thought disorder and visual-perceptual deficits have been well documented, but their relationships with clinical symptoms and cognitive function remain unclear. Cognitive-perceptual deficits may underscore clinical symptoms in schizophrenia patients.Aim: This study aimed to explore how thought disorder and form perception are related with clinical symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in first-episode schizophrenia.Setting: Forty-two patients with a first-episode of schizophrenia, schizophreniform or schizoaffective disorder were recruited from community clinics and state hospitals in the Cape Town area.Methods: Patients were assessed at baseline with the Rorschach Perceptual Thinking Index (PTI), the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the MATRICS Cognitive Consensus Battery (MCCB). Spearman correlational analyses were conducted to investigate relationships between PTI scores, PANSS factor analysis-derived domain scores and MCCB composite and subscale scores. Multiple regression models explored these relationships further.Results: Unexpectedly, poor form perception (X- %) was inversely correlated with the severity of PANSS positive symptoms (r = -0.42, p = 0.02). Good form perception (XA%) correlated significantly with speed of processing (r = 0.59, p < 0.01), working memory (r = 0.48, p < 0.01) and visual learning (r = 0.55, p < 0.01). PTI measures of thought disorder did not correlate significantly with PANSS symptom scores or cognitive performance.Conclusions: Form perception is associated with positive symptoms and impairment in executive function during acute psychosis. These findings suggest that there may be clinical value in including sensory-perceptual processing tasks in cognitive remediation and social cognitive training programmes for schizophrenia patients.

scholarly journals Association Between Visual Memory and In Vivo Amyloid and Tau Pathology in Preclinical Autosomal Dominant Alzheimer’s Disease

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Yamile Bocanegra ◽  
Joshua T. Fox-Fuller ◽  
Ana Baena ◽  
Edmarie Guzmán-Vélez ◽  
Clara Vila-Castelar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Autosomal Dominant ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Inferior Temporal Cortex ◽  
Amyloid Burden

Abstract Objective: Visual memory (ViM) declines early in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, it is unclear whether ViM impairment is evident in the preclinical stage and relates to markers of AD pathology. We examined the relationship between ViM performance and in vivo markers of brain pathology in individuals with autosomal dominant AD (ADAD). Methods: Forty-five cognitively unimpaired individuals from a Colombian kindred with the Presenilin 1 (PSEN1) E280A ADAD mutation (19 carriers and 26 noncarriers) completed the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure immediate recall test, a measure of ViM. Cortical amyloid burden and regional tau deposition in the entorhinal cortex (EC) and inferior temporal cortex (IT) were measured using 11C-Pittsburgh compound B positron emission tomography (PET) and 11F-flortaucipir PET, respectively. Results: Cognitively unimpaired carriers and noncarriers did not differ on ViM performance. Compared to noncarriers, carriers had higher levels of cortical amyloid and regional tau in both the EC and IT. In cognitively unimpaired carriers, greater cortical amyloid burden, higher levels of regional tau, and greater age were associated with worse ViM performance. Only a moderate correlation between regional tau and ViM performance remained after adjusting for verbal memory scores. None of these correlations were observed in noncarriers. Conclusions: Results suggest that AD pathology and greater age are associated with worse ViM performance in ADAD before the onset of clinical symptoms. Further investigation with larger samples and longitudinal follow-up is needed to examine the utility of ViM measures for identifying individuals at high risk of developing dementia later in life.

scholarly journals Learning to Recognize Visual Objects With Microstimulation in Inferior Temporal Cortex

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Kawasaki ◽  
David L. Sheinberg
Keyword(s):  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Visual Learning ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Inferior Temporal Cortex ◽  
Classification Learning ◽  
Critical Question ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Visual Classification ◽  
Association Learning ◽  
New Associations

The malleability of object representations by experience is essential for adaptive behavior. It has been hypothesized that neurons in inferior temporal cortex (IT) in monkeys are pivotal in visual association learning, evidenced by experiments revealing changes in neural selectivity following visual learning, as well as by lesion studies, wherein functional inactivation of IT impairs learning. A critical question remaining to be answered is whether IT neuronal activity is sufficient for learning. To address this question directly, we conducted experiments combining visual classification learning with microstimulation in IT. We assessed the effects of IT microstimulation during learning in cases where the stimulation was exclusively informative, conditionally informative, and informative but not necessary for the classification task. The results show that localized microstimulation in IT can be used to establish visual classification learning, and the same stimulation applied during learning can predictably bias judgments on subsequent recognition. The effect of induced activity can be explained neither by direct stimulation-motor association nor by simple detection of cortical stimulation. We also found that the learning effects are specific to IT stimulation as they are not observed by microstimulation in an adjacent auditory area. Our results add the evidence that the differential activity in IT during visual association learning is sufficient for establishing new associations. The results suggest that experimentally manipulated activity patterns within IT can be effectively combined with ongoing visually induced activity during the formation of new associations.

scholarly journals The Effect of Spatial Frequency on the Visual Category Representation in the Macaque Inferior Temporal Cortex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esmaeil Farhang ◽  
Ramin Toosi ◽  
Behnam Karami ◽  
Roxana Koushki ◽  
Ehsan Rezayat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Inferior Temporal Cortex ◽  
Category Representation ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Shape Information ◽  
Category Information ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTTo expand our knowledge about the object recognition, it is critical to understand the role of spatial frequency (SF) in an object representation that occurs in the inferior temporal (IT) cortex at the final stage of processing the visual information across the ventral visual pathway. Object categories are being recognized hierarchically in at least three levels of abstraction: superordinate (e.g., animal), mid-level (e.g., human face), and subordinate (e.g., face identity). Psychophysical studies have shown rapid access to mid-level category information and low SF (LSF) contents. Although the hierarchical representation of categories has been shown to exist inside the IT cortex, the impact of SF on the multi-level category processing is poorly understood. To gain a deeper understanding of the neural basis of the interaction between SF and category representations at multiple levels, we examined the neural responses within the IT cortex of macaque monkeys viewing several SF-filtered objects. Each stimulus could be either intact or bandpass filtered into either the LSF (coarse shape information) or high SF (HSF) (fine shape information) bands. We found that in both High- and Low-SF contents, the advantage of mid-level representation has not been violated. This evidence suggests that mid-level category boundary maps are strongly represented in the IT cortex and remain unaffected with respect to any changes in the frequency content of stimuli. Our observations indicate the necessity of the HSF content for the superordinate category representation inside the IT cortex. In addition, our findings reveal that the representation of global category information is more dependent on the HSF than the LSF content. Furthermore, the lack of subordinate representation in both LSF and HSF filtered stimuli compared to the intact stimuli provide strong evidence that all SF contents are necessary for fine category visual processing.

Altered fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuation in Women with Premenstrual Syndrome Via Acupuncture at Sanyinjiao(SP6)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaoxiong Duan ◽  
Ya Chen ◽  
Yong Pang ◽  
Zhuo Feng ◽  
Hai Liao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Premenstrual Syndrome ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Inferior Temporal Cortex ◽  
Frequency Fluctuation ◽  
Clinical Trial Registration ◽  
Acupuncture Stimulation

Abstract Background: Premenstrual Syndrome(PMS) is a prevalent gynecological disease and is significantly associated with abnormal neural activity. Acupuncture is an effective treatment on PMS in clinical practice. However, few studies have been performed to investigate whether acupuncture might modulate the abnormal neural activity in patients with PMS. Thereby, the aim of the study was to assess alterations of the brain activity induced by acupuncture stimulation in PMS patients. Methods: 20 PMS patients were enrolled in this study. All patients received a 6-min resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rs-fMRI) scan before and after electro-acupuncturing stimulation (EAS) at Sanyinjiao (SP6) acupoint in the late luteal phase of menstrual. Applied the fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuation(fALFF) method to examine EAS-related brain changes in PMS patients. Results: Compared with pre-EAS at SP6, increased fALFF value in several brain regions induced by SP6, including brainstem, right thalamus, bilateral insula, right paracentral lobule, bilateral cerebellum, meanwhile, decreased fALFF in the left cuneus, right precuneus, left inferior temporal cortex. Conclusions: Our findings provide imaging evidence to support that SP6-related acupuncture stimulation may modulate the neural activity in patients with PMS. This study may partly interpret the neural mechanisms of acupuncture at SP6 which is used to treat PMS patients in clinical. Trial registration:The study was registered on http://www.chictr.org.cn, the Clinical Trial Registration Number is ChiCTR-OPC-15005918, registry in 29/01/2015.

Subdivisions of inferior temporal cortex in squirrel monkeys make dissociable contributions to visual learning and memory.

2006 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 423-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalyn E. Weller ◽  
Mark S. LeDoux ◽  
Lisa M. Toll ◽  
Michelle K. Gould ◽  
R. Alan Hicks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Visual Learning ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Squirrel Monkeys ◽  
Inferior Temporal Cortex

scholarly journals Neural microgenesis of personally familiar face recognition

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (35) ◽  
pp. E4835-E4844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meike Ramon ◽  
Luca Vizioli ◽  
Joan Liu-Shuang ◽  
Bruno Rossion
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Inferior Temporal Cortex ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Familiar Face ◽  
Spatial Frequencies ◽  
The Face

Despite a wealth of information provided by neuroimaging research, the neural basis of familiar face recognition in humans remains largely unknown. Here, we isolated the discriminative neural responses to unfamiliar and familiar faces by slowly increasing visual information (i.e., high-spatial frequencies) to progressively reveal faces of unfamiliar or personally familiar individuals. Activation in ventral occipitotemporal face-preferential regions increased with visual information, independently of long-term face familiarity. In contrast, medial temporal lobe structures (perirhinal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus) and anterior inferior temporal cortex responded abruptly when sufficient information for familiar face recognition was accumulated. These observations suggest that following detailed analysis of individual faces in core posterior areas of the face-processing network, familiar face recognition emerges categorically in medial temporal and anterior regions of the extended cortical face network.

scholarly journals Temporal dynamics of visual category representation in the macaque inferior temporal cortex

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 587-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad-Reza A. Dehaqani ◽  
Abdol-Hossein Vahabie ◽  
Roozbeh Kiani ◽  
Majid Nili Ahmadabadi ◽  
Babak Nadjar Araabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Category Boundary ◽  
Shape Space ◽  
Short Latency ◽  
Inferior Temporal Cortex ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Category Information ◽  
Subordinate Level ◽  
Psychophysical Studies

Object categories are recognized at multiple levels of hierarchical abstractions. Psychophysical studies have shown a more rapid perceptual access to the mid-level category information (e.g., human faces) than the higher (superordinate; e.g., animal) or the lower (subordinate; e.g., face identity) level. Mid-level category members share many features, whereas few features are shared among members of different mid-level categories. To understand better the neural basis of expedited access to mid-level category information, we examined neural responses of the inferior temporal (IT) cortex of macaque monkeys viewing a large number of object images. We found an earlier representation of mid-level categories in the IT population and single-unit responses compared with superordinate- and subordinate-level categories. The short-latency representation of mid-level category information shows that visual cortex first divides the category shape space at its sharpest boundaries, defined by high/low within/between-group similarity. This short-latency, mid-level category boundary map may be a prerequisite for representation of other categories at more global and finer scales.

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