The characterization of actions at the superordinate, basic and subordinate level

Objects can be categorized at different levels of abstraction, ranging from the superordinate (e.g., fruit) and the basic (e.g., apple) to the subordinate level (e.g., golden delicious). The basic level is assumed to play a key role in categorization, e.g., in terms of the number of features used to describe these actions and the speed of processing. To which degree do these principles also apply to the categorization of observed actions? To address this question, we first selected a range of actions at the superordinate (e.g., locomotion), basic (e.g., to swim) and subordinate level (e.g., to swim breaststroke), using verbal material (Experiments 1–3). Experiments 4–6 aimed to determine the characteristics of these actions across the three taxonomic levels. Using a feature listing paradigm (Experiment 4), we determined the number of features that were provided by at least six out of twenty participants (common features), separately for the three different levels. In addition, we examined the number of shared (i.e., provided for more than one category) and distinct (i.e., provided for one category only) features. Participants produced the highest number of common features for actions at the basic level. Actions at the subordinate level shared more features with other actions at the same level than those at the superordinate level. Actions at the superordinate and basic level were described with more distinct features compared to those provided at the subordinate level. Using an auditory priming paradigm (Experiment 5), we observed that participants responded faster to action images preceded by a matching auditory cue corresponding to the basic and subordinate level, but not for superordinate level cues, suggesting that the basic level is the most abstract level at which verbal cues facilitate the processing of an upcoming action. Using a category verification task (Experiment 6), we found that participants were faster and more accurate to verify action categories (depicted as images) at the basic and subordinate level in comparison to the superordinate level. Together, in line with the object categorization literature, our results suggest that information about action categories is maximized at the basic level.

Prince Charming and the problem of morality from a pragmatic point of view. A reflection on the imaginary born of truth

Fairy tale characters have a special status for children, as they become the bearers of values and emotions with a major impact on the development of the young viewer in whose universe anything is possible. Children often place the action at a subordinate level of their brain and the text loses its value to the character construction, which they remember at the expense of the actions the characters perform. Young audiences’ conclusions about a character can boil down to two simple characterizations: GOOD or BAD, but their subconscious picks up complex information that can affect the core values and influence future decisions or actions. This assessment of the moral character that a fairy tale character has is only valid because the fairy tale is used for an educational purpose and is supposed to contribute to the development of cognitive and affective processes in the formation of fundamental character traits. The aim of the critical approach of this research is to identify the real values of a character through behavioural analysis in order to render it scenically.

Architectural Styles as Subordinate Scene Categories

How do the brains of experts and non-experts represent entry-level and subordinate-level categories of buildings and places? In the study reviewed in this chapter, the authors measured the brain activity of architecture and psychology students while they viewed images of buildings of different architectural styles as well as general scenes. From functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) patterns, they were able to decode which architectural style participants viewed. Despite finding a strong behavioral expertise effect for architectural styles between the two groups of participants, the authors could not find any differences in brain activity. Surprisingly, they found that the fusiform face area, which is typically not involved in scene perception, was tightly linked with scene-selective brain regions for the decoding of architectural styles but not for entry-level scenes categories.

LEGAL REGULATION CYBERSPORT OF IN RUSSIA AND SOME ASIAN COUNTRIES

The article is devoted to the study of cybersport as a legal phenomenon. The analysis of the Russianlegislation showed that the term “computer sports’ is the most frequently used in the texts of regulations.Equivalent to this term are such as “cybersport” and “e-sports”. Russia became the first country in the worldto recognize cybersport as an official sport. Currently, the legal regulation of cybersport in Russia is carriedout mainly at the subordinate level. The main regulations in this area are listed. The authors came to theconclusion that cybersport relations are an understudied area, so it is still difficult to make a decision onthe need for a special law. It is proved that such a decision will be justified if such a specificity of this sportis established, the level of which will not allow the existing legislation to be applied to these relations andwill require other approaches. The main discussions on the studied issue that take place in the scientificliterature are named. Special legislation on international cybersport has not yet emerged either, althoughthe development of cybersport in the world is quite dynamic, and the International Esports Federation unites 100 countries, and the Asian Electronic Sports Federation — 45 countries. Some features of the developmentand legal regulation of the area under consideration in some Asian countries are identified. The authorspredict further development of legislation in this area in the near future.

A Semantic Analysis of the Top Ten Network Buzzwords of China in 2020 from the Perspective of the Prototype Theory

With the further development of the Internet and the rapid growth of the number of netizens, there are always new network buzzwords appearing during online communication. Most of these buzzwords don’t come out of nowhere but are variants of the extant words or expressions. They inherit, extend or sometimes overturn the original meanings. To some extent, these semantic variations not only influence the language system, expanding the semantic category of words, but also reflect people’s cognition and emotions. Therefore, based on the prototype theory, this paper aims to analyze the semantic variations of the top ten network buzzwords of China in 2020 from three aspects: horizontally, the extension of meanings of the basic-level words; vertically, the emergence of new subordinate-level words; and the combination of the two ways of variation. The analysis of these words shows complex emotions of people, including positive life attitudes, nostalgia to the past and helplessness under huge pressures in real life.

How Visual Expertise Changes Representational Geometry: A Behavioral and Neural Perspective

Many people develop expertise in specific domains of interest, such as chess, microbiology, radiology, and, the case in point in our study: ornithology. It is poorly understood to what extent such expertise alters brain function. Previous neuroimaging studies of expertise have typically focused upon the category level, for example, selectivity for birds versus nonbird stimuli. We present a multivariate fMRI study focusing upon the representational similarity among objects of expertise at the subordinate level. We compare the neural representational spaces of experts and novices to behavioral judgments. At the behavioral level, ornithologists (n = 20) have more fine-grained and task-dependent representations of item similarity that are more consistent among experts compared to control participants. At the neural level, the neural patterns of item similarity are more distinct and consistent in experts than in novices, which is in line with the behavioral results. In addition, these neural patterns in experts show stronger correlations with behavior compared to novices. These findings were prominent in frontal regions, and some effects were also found in occipitotemporal regions. This study illustrates the potential of an analysis of representational geometry to understand to what extent expertise changes neural information processing.

The Effect of Management Control Systems on Employee Performance: Communication Skill as a Moderating Variable

This study examines the effect of management control systems (MCS) on performance, communication skill as a moderating variable. We had distributed questionnaire to collect data of 42 institution of public services, that are population were draw in West Java, Indonesia period of June – November, 2019. The names of 140 middle-level managers random was used their perception what cause and effect strategic use of management control systems implementation to subordinate level and their employees working departmental and that gained of 71 usable responses for final data. The analysis indicated that MCS namely are diagnostic control and interactive control has a direct and positively effect on employee performance, and that communication skill has a moderate effect on the relationship between diagnostic control system and performance. Interactive control did not as a moderating variable, still on that interacting have been extent to which of intensively communicate in the organizational context, but diagnostic control namely periodically to communicate between top management and subordinate level. We also find that use of MCS package, while employees themselves participate in their own departmental performance measures will improve performance were put to use. The West Java Institution is join approach of strategic use between DCS and ICS for subordinate level, that are encourages for employee motivations and performance.

Implementation-Independent Representation for Deep Convolutional Neural Networks and Humans in Processing Faces

Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN) nowadays can match human performance in challenging complex tasks, but it remains unknown whether DCNNs achieve human-like performance through human-like processes. Here we applied a reverse-correlation method to make explicit representations of DCNNs and humans when performing face gender classification. We found that humans and a typical DCNN, VGG-Face, used similar critical information for this task, which mainly resided at low spatial frequencies. Importantly, the prior task experience, which the VGG-Face was pre-trained to process faces at the subordinate level (i.e., identification) as humans do, seemed necessary for such representational similarity, because AlexNet, a DCNN pre-trained to process objects at the basic level (i.e., categorization), succeeded in gender classification but relied on a completely different representation. In sum, although DCNNs and humans rely on different sets of hardware to process faces, they can use a similar and implementation-independent representation to achieve the same computation goal.

Quo Vadis, Methodology? The Key Role of Manipulation Checks for Validity Control and Quality of Science

The current debate about how to improve the quality of psychological science revolves, almost exclusively, around the subordinate level of statistical significance testing. In contrast, research design and strict theorizing, which are superordinate to statistics in the methods hierarchy, are sorely neglected. The present article is devoted to the key role assigned to manipulation checks (MCs) for scientific quality control. MCs not only afford a critical test of the premises of hypothesis testing but also (a) prompt clever research design and validity control, (b) carry over to refined theorizing, and (c) have important implications for other facets of methodology, such as replication science. On the basis of an analysis of the reality of MCs reported in current issues of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, we propose a future methodology for the post– p < .05 era that replaces scrutiny in significance testing with refined validity control and diagnostic research designs.

Development of evaluative knowledge about educational activities in modern English

The aim of the study is to develop evaluative knowledge about educational activities in modern English. The relevance of the study is determined by the cognitive approach, in the framework of which the level belonging of evaluative concepts is considered and the means of their representation are revealed. As the main method, the conceptual-definitional analysis is declared, on the basis of which the characteristics of the UPBRINGING concept are revealed and the evaluative benchmarks of the subject of assessment are established in relation to various aspects of educational activity, presented in the form of a frame. We determine that at the superordinate level, evaluative knowledge is based on the acceptability of certain indicators and their compliance with social norms. At this level, assessment is represented by the adjectives accepta-ble/unacceptable and proper. Evaluative knowledge of the basic level is represented by the adjec-tives good, bad, perfect, great, fine. For the observer, in this case, private evaluative meanings are not important, the assessment is presented in a gestalt manner and indicates the approval of the observer due to the compliance of a certain objective characteristic with the standard. At the subordinate level, the assessment is projected onto various private assessment benchmarks that are significant for the observer. It is concluded that the evaluative knowledge about educational activities is formed at the intersection of objective and evaluative characteristics.