scholarly journals Relationships Between Aerobic Performance, Hemoglobin Levels, and Training Load During Small-Sided Games: A Study in Professional Soccer Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeid Younesi ◽  
Alireza Rabbani ◽  
Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽  
Rui Silva ◽  
Hugo Sarmento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Training Load ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Aerobic Performance ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Physiological Profile ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Negative Relationships ◽  
External Loads ◽  
And Training

The purposes of this study were (1) to analyze between-session variations of external and internal load measures during small-sided games (SSGs) and (2) to test the relationships between the maximum speed reached (VIFT) during the last stage of the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test, hemoglobin levels, and training load measures during SSG intervals among professional soccer players. Sixteen professional soccer players (mean ± SD; age 27.2 ± 3.4 years, height 174.2 ± 3.6 cm, body mass 69.1 ± 6.4 kg, and body fat 10.4 ± 4.1%) participated in this study. Hemoglobin and aerobic performance were first tested, and then a 3-week SSG program was applied using a 3 vs. 3 format. During those 3 weeks, internal and external load of entire sessions were also monitored for all training sessions. Trivial-to-small, standardized differences were observed between sessions for external and internal measures during SSGs. Total distance (TD) and mechanical work (MW) were the only variables that indicated small changes. Large-to-very-large relationships were found between VIFT and external loads: TD (r range: 0.69; 0.87), high-intensity running (HIR; r range: 0.66; 0.75), and MW (r range: 0.56; 0.68). Moderate-to-large negative relationships were found between hemoglobin levels and internal loads: Edwards’ TRIMP (r range: −0.36; −0.63), %HRmax (r range: −0.50; −0.61), and red zone (r range: −0.50; −0.61). VIFT had unclear relationships with overall internal loads, while hemoglobin levels presented unclear relationships with overall external loads. In conclusion, no meaningful changes were found between sessions considering the format of play used. Additionally, the detected relationships indicate that VIFT and hemoglobin levels are good indicators of the performance capacity and physiological profile of players during SSGs. Also, the use of SSGs protocols as a monitoring complement of the 30-15IFT is suggested.

scholarly journals Weekly Load Variations of Distance-Based Variables in Professional Soccer Players: A Full-Season Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 3300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽  
Rui Silva ◽  
Daniel Castillo ◽  
Asier Los Arcos ◽  
Bruno Mendes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Load Variations ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Moderate Effect ◽  
And Training

The aim of this study was two-fold: (1) to analyze the variations of acute load, training monotony, and training strain among early (pre-season), mid (first half of season), and end season (second half of season) periods; (2) to compare these training indicators for playing positions in different moments of the season. Nineteen professional players (age: 26.5 ± 4.3 years; experience as professional: 7.5 ± 4.3 years) from a European First League team participated in this study. The players were monitored daily over a 45-week period for the total distance (TD), distance covered (DC) at 14 km/h−1 or above (DC > 14 km/h), high-speed running above 19.8 km/h−1 (HSR) distance, and number of sprints above 25.2 km/h−1. The acute load (sum of load during a week), training monotony (mean of training load during the seven days of the week divided by the standard deviation of the training load of the seven days), and training strain (sum of the training load for all training sessions and matches during a week multiplied by training monotony) workload indices were calculated weekly for each measure and per player. Results revealed that training monotony and training strain for HSR were meaningfully greater in pre-season than in the first half of the in-season (p ≤ 0.001; d = 0.883 and p ≤ 0.001; d = 0.712, respectively) and greater than the second half of the in-season (p ≤ 0.001; d = 0.718 and p ≤ 0.001; d = 0.717). The training monotony for the sprints was meaningfully greater in pre-season than in the first half of in-season (p < 0.001; d = 0.953) and greater than the second half of in-season (p ≤ 0.001; d = 0.916). Comparisons between playing positions revealed that small-to-moderate effect sizes differences mainly for the number of sprints in acute load, training monotony, and training strain. In conclusion, the study revealed that greater acute load, training monotony, and training strain occurred in the pre-season and progressively decreased across the season. Moreover, external defenders and wingers were subjected to meaningfully greater acute load and training strain for HSR and number of sprints during the season compared to the remaining positions.

scholarly journals Effects of Match-Related Contextual Factors on Weekly Load Responses in Professional Brazilian Soccer Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (14) ◽  
pp. 5163
Author(s):  
Luiz Guilherme Cruz Gonçalves ◽  
Carlos Augusto Kalva-Filho ◽  
Fábio Yuzo Nakamura ◽  
Vincenzo Rago ◽  
José Afonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Mechanical Work ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Load Distributions ◽  
Weekly Training ◽  
External Loads

This study aimed to quantify the weekly training load distributions according to match location, opponent standard, and match outcome in professional soccer players. Rate-of-perceived-exertion-based training load (sRPE) and distance- and accelerometry-based measures were monitored daily during 52 training sessions and 11 matches performed by 23 players. Athletes who played ≥ 60 min during non-congested weeks were considered for data analysis. The training days close to away matches (e.g., one day before the match = MD-1) presented greater sRPE, distance-based volume measures, and mechanical work (player load) compared to the training days close to home matches (p = 0.001–0.002; effect size (ES) = medium−large). The most distant days of the home matches (e.g., five days before the match = MD-5) presented higher internal and external loads than before away matches (p = 0.002–0.003, ES = medium). Higher sRPE, distance-based volume measures, and mechanical work were found during the middle of the week (e.g., three days before the match, MD-3) before playing against bottom vs. medium-ranking teams (p = 0.001–0.01, ES = small−medium). These metrics were lower in MD-5 before matches against bottom vs. medium-ranking opponents (p = 0.001, ES = medium). Higher values of all external load measures were observed during the training session before winning matches (MD-1) compared to a draw or loss (p < 0.001–0.001, ES = medium−large). In conclusion, the training load distribution throughout the week varied considerably according to match-contextual factors.

scholarly journals Blood Biomarkers Variations across the Pre-Season and Interactions with Training Load: A Study in Professional Soccer Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 5576
Author(s):  
Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽  
Francisco Tomás González-Fernández ◽  
Halil Ibrahim Ceylan ◽  
Rui Silva ◽  
Saeid Younesi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
And Training

Background: Pre-season training in soccer can induce changes in biological markers in the circulation. However, relationships between chosen hematological and biochemical blood parameters and training load have not been measured. Objective: Analyze the blood measures changes and their relationships with training loads changes after pre-season training. Methodology: Twenty-five professional soccer players were assessed by training load measures (derived from rate of perceived exertion- known as RPE) during the pre-season period. Additionally, blood samples were collected for hematological and biochemical analyses. Results: For hematological parameters, significant increases were found for platelets (PLT) (dif: 6.42; p = 0.006; d = −0.36), while significant decreases were found for absolute neutrophils count (ANC) (dif: −3.98; p = 0.006; d = 0.11), and absolute monocytes count (AMC) (dif: −16.98; p = 0.001; d = 0.78) after the pre-season period. For biochemical parameters, there were significant increases in creatinine (dif: 5.15; p = 0.001; d = −0.46), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (dif: 12.55; p = 0.001; d = −0.84), C-reactive protein (CRP) (dif: 15.15; p = 0.001; d = −0.67), cortisol (dif: 2.85; p = 0.001; d = −0.28), and testosterone (dif: 5.38; p = 0.001; d = −0.52), whereas there were significant decreases in calcium (dif: −1.31; p = 0.007; d =0.49) and calcium corrected (dif: −2.18; p = 0.015; d = 0.82) after the pre-season period. Moreover, the Hooper Index (dif: 13.22; p = 0.01; d = 0.78), and all derived RPE measures increased after pre-season period. Moderate-to-very large positive and negative correlations (r range: 0.50–0.73) were found between the training load and hematological measures percentage of changes. Moderate-to-large positive and negative correlations (r range: 0.50–0.60) were found between training load and biochemical measures percentage of changes. Conclusions: The results indicated heavy physical loads during the pre-season, leading to a decrease in immune functions. Given the significant relationships between blood and training load measures, monitoring hematological and biochemical measures allow coaches to minimize injury risk, overreaching, and overtraining.

Monitoring Internal Load with a Mobile App in Professional Soccer Players after the COVID-19 Lockdown (Readiness Soccer): Observational Study (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvador Moreno-Gutierrez ◽  
Oresti Banos ◽  
Miguel Damas ◽  
Hector Pomares ◽  
Paula Postigo-Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Performance Estimation ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Competitive Season ◽  
System Usability Scale ◽  
Sleep Satisfaction

BACKGROUND Heavy physical and mental loads are typical for professional soccer players during the competitive season. COVID-19 lockdowns had recently forced competitions to be interrupted and later disputed in a shrunken calendar. Wearable sensors and mobile phones could be potentially useful in monitoring players’ training load in such highly demanding environments. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore whether remote heart rate variability (HRV) monitoring and self-reported wellness of professional soccer players could be useful to monitor players’ internal training load and to estimate their performance during the continuation of the 2020 season after the COVID-19 lockdown in Spain. METHODS A total of 21 professional soccer players participated in a 6-week study. Participants used an Android or iOS-based smartphone and a Polar H10 wearable ECG monitor for the duration of the study. Every morning they recorded their HRV and answered a questionnaire about their perceived recovery, muscle soreness, stress and sleep satisfaction. Smallest worthwhile change (SWC) and coefficient of variation (CV) were calculated for the logarithm of the root mean square of the successives differences (LnRMSSD) of the HRV. Players’ in-game performance was evaluated subjectively by independent observers and classified as high, normal and low. In order to find which variables could be potentially linked to performance, we studied their correlation and tested for significant differences among distributions. We also trained random forest models with cross-validation and bootstrapping to find the wellness and HRV features with best predictive ability for performance. RESULTS We found the usability of Readiness Soccer in a real scenario to be very good, with 81.36 points in the System Usability Scale. A total of 241 measurements of HRV and self-reported wellness were recorded. For a entire training microcycle (ie, time in between matches), self-reported high recovery (Mann-Whitney U, P=.003), low muscle soreness (P=.002), high sleep satisfaction (P=.02), low stress (Anderson-Darling, P=.03), and not needing more than 30 minutes to sleep since going to bed (Chi-Squared, P=.02), were found significant to differentiate high from normal match performance. Performance estimation models achieved the highest accuracy (73.4%) when combining self-reported wellness and HRV features. CONCLUSIONS HRV and self-reported wellness data were useful to monitor the evolution of professional soccer players’ internal load and to predict match performance levels out of measures in a training microcycle. Despite the limitations, these findings highlight opportunities for long-term monitoring of soccer players during the competitive season as well as real-time interventions aimed at early management of overtraining and boosting individual performance.

scholarly journals Internal training load and fitness profile between adult team versus junior team soccer players

Kinesiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-77
Author(s):  
Alireza Rabbani ◽  
Del P. Wong ◽  
Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽  
Mehdi Kargarfard
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Change Of Direction ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Competitive Season ◽  
And Training

The aim of the present study was to compare the fitness profiles and internal training loads between senior team and academy team soccer players during an in-season phase. Twenty-two professional soccer players from the senior team (n=12; 28.3<img width="12" alt="" height="20"> 2.0 years) and under 19 (U19) team (n=10; 18.0<img width="12" alt="" height="20"> 0.4 years) of the same club participated in the present study. High-intensity running performance, acceleration, maximal sprint, and change of direction (COD) ability were all tested during the mid-season break of a competitive season. Session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) reflecting the internal training load during the entire first half of the season was being documented daily. Senior players showed small to moderate superiority in COD (1.8%, 90% confidence intervals [CI, -3.2; 7.1], ES: 0.24 [-0.44; 0.92]), maximal sprint (2.3%, [0.0; 4.7], ES: 0.81 [0.00; 1.63]) and acceleration (3%, [0.2; 5.8], ES: 0.96 [0.06; 1.85]). The U19 showed small better high-intensity intermittent running fitness (2.5%, [-1.2; 6.3], ES: 0.39 [-0.20; 0.97]). When analyzing internal training loads (from M-3 to M+3), the U19 showed small to very large higher sRPE values for all days (range; 8.2%; 229.3%, [-8.1; 328.3], ES range; 0.25; 2.70, [-0.26; 3.3]), except for match days (M), on which unclear trivial difference was observed (-1.5%, [-9.6; 7.5], ES -0.09 [-0.65; 0.46]). Our results showed that senior players and youth players had different fitness profiles and internal training loads during the first half of a competitive season; this should be taken into consideration when designing specific and individualized recovery and training sessions.

scholarly journals Comparación de la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo entre partidos amistosos y diferentes tipos de sesión en futbolistas profesionales (Comparison of perceived exertion in friendly matches and different types of training sessions in professional soccer p

Retos ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 66-70
Author(s):  
Miguel Ángel Campos Váquez ◽  
Francisco Javier Toscano Belanda
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Different Types

El objetivo de la investigación fue comparar la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo (RPE) y la carga derivada de ella (RPE-TL) durante partidos amistosos (PA) con una participación de 45 minutos por jugador (PA.45) o superior a 65 minutos (PA+65), y diferentes tipos de sesión de entrenamiento: condición física (CF), táctica (TAC) y activación pre-partido (ACTV), en jugadores profesionales de fútbol. 12 futbolistas pertenecientes al mismo equipo (1ª división española) participaron en este estudio. La RPE fue registrada tras cada sesión de entrenamiento y PA, cuantificándose posteriormente la carga interna derivada de ella (RPE-TL). Los resultados reflejaron que los PA+65, tuvieron una RPE substancialmente mayor que los PA.45 (7.8 vs 6.8). Además, todos los tipos de sesión reflejaron una RPE y RPE-TL substancialmente inferior a los PA+65. Tan solo las sesiones de CF alcanzaron valores de RPE y RPE-TL superiores a los reflejados en los PA.45 (7.1 vs. 6.8 y 597 vs. 509 unidades arbitrarias respectivamente). Estos resultados nos muestran que las demandas perceptuales de la competición no fueron replicadas en los diferentes tipos de sesiones de entrenamiento analizadas. Por tanto, podría ser necesario aumentar el volumen y/o la exigencia de algunas sesiones de entrenamiento, para someter a los jugadores a una exigencia similar a la de la competición. Abstract. The aim of the study was to compare perception of exertion (RPE) and RPE-derived internal training load between friendly matches (FM) played during 45 minutes (FM.45) or more than 65 minutes (FM+65), and different types of training sessions: fitness (FIT), tactical (TAC) and pre-match activation (ACTV) in professional soccer players. 12 soccer players from the same team (1st Spanish Division) participated in this study. RPE was registered after every training session and FM. Afterward, RPE-derived internal load was calculated (RPE-TL). Results showed that FM+65 obtained a substantially higher RPE than FM.45 (7.8 vs 6.8). Besides, all types of training sessions reflected a substantially lower RPE and RPE-TL than FM+65. Only FIT sessions reached RPE and RPE-TL values higher than those reflected in FM.45 (7.1 vs. 6.8 and 597 vs. 509 arbitrary units respectively). These results show that perceptual demands of competition were not replicated in the different types of training sessions analysed. It may be necessary to increase the volume and/or the exertion of certain training sessions to bring players closer to the demands of competition.

scholarly journals External and internal training load relationships in soccer players: the metabolic power approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 36-45
Author(s):  
Eser Çalı ◽  
Utku Alemdaroğlu
Keyword(s):  
External Load ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Metabolic Power ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Metabolic Distance ◽  
Training Impulse ◽  
External Loads

The aim of the present study was to examine the relationships between internal training loads (TL) (Banister, Edwards Training-Impulse (TRIMP), session RPE (s-RPE)) and external TL (Total distance (TD), high speed distance (HSD), high metabolic distance (HMD) in amateur soccer players. Nine male amateur soccer players (age = 28.74±5.2 years; height 173.74± 8.04 cm; weight 72.73±5.5 kg) voluntarily participated in the study. Individual field-based training sessions were monitored over 8 weeks. The results showed that there were moderate and very large correlations between s-RPE and both Edwards and Banister’s TRIMP (respectively, r = 0.42-0.86; r= 0.45-0.85). Additionally, from large to nearly perfect correlations were observed between the HR-based methods (r= 0.58-0.98). We also found moderate to very large correlations between s-RPE and HMD and large to nearly perfect correlations between HR-based TL methods and HMD. Correlations between internal load and external load parameters was weaker in HSD than TD. In the light of the results of the current study, internal and external loads should not be used interchangeable and HMD seems to be appropriate to monitor TL in soccer players because its equations include both speed and acceleration values.

Coaches’ and Players’ Perceptions of Training Dose: Not a Perfect Match

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel S. Brink ◽  
Wouter G.P. Frencken ◽  
Geir Jordet ◽  
Koen A.P.M. Lemmink
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Perfect Match ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Training Dose ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
And Training

Purpose:The aim of the current study was to investigate and compare coaches’ and players’ perceptions of training dose for a full competitive season.Methods:Session rating of perceived exertion (RPE), duration, and training load (session RPE × duration) of 33 professional soccer players (height 178.2 ± 6.6 cm, weight 70.5 ± 6.4 kg, percentage body fat 12.2 ± 1.6) from an under-19 and under-17 (U17) squad were compared with the planned periodization of their professional coaches. Before training, coaches filled in the session rating of intended exertion (RIE) and duration (min) for each player. Players rated session RPE and training duration after each training session.Results:Players perceived their intensity and training load (2446 sessions in total) as significantly harder than what was intended by their coaches (P < .0001). The correlations between coaches’ and players’ intensity (r = .24), duration (r = .49), and load (r = .41) were weak (P < .0001). Furthermore, for coach-intended easy and intermediate training days, players reported higher intensity and training load (P < .0001). For hard days as intended by the coach, players reported lower intensity, duration, and training load (P < .0001). Finally, first-year players from the U17 squad perceived training sessions as harder than second-year players (P < .0001).Conclusion:The results indicate that young elite soccer players perceive training as harder than what was intended by the coach. These differences could lead to maladaptation to training. Monitoring of the planned and perceived training load of coaches and players may optimize performance and prevent players from overtraining.

Session-to-session variations of internal load during different small-sided games: a study in professional soccer players

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Saeid Younesi ◽  
Alireza Rabbani ◽  
Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽  
Hugo Sarmento ◽  
António Figueiredo
Keyword(s):  
Soccer Players ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Professional Soccer
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