scholarly journals Advances in Breeding for Mixed Cropping – Incomplete Factorials and the Producer/Associate Concept

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedikt Haug ◽  
Monika M. Messmer ◽  
Jérôme Enjalbert ◽  
Isabelle Goldringer ◽  
Emma Forst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Traits ◽  
Mixed Cropping ◽  
Biological Interactions ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Mixed Crop ◽  
Incomplete Factorial Design ◽  
Mixing Ability ◽  
Total Mixture ◽  
Facilitative Interactions

Mixed cropping has been suggested as a resource-efficient approach to meet high produce demands while maintaining biodiversity and minimizing environmental impact. Current breeding programs do not select for enhanced general mixing ability (GMA) and neglect biological interactions within species mixtures. Clear concepts and efficient experimental designs, adapted to breeding for mixed cropping and encoded into appropriate statistical models, are lacking. Thus, a model framework for GMA and SMA (specific mixing ability) was established. Results of a simulation study showed that an incomplete factorial design combines advantages of two commonly used full factorials, and enables to estimate GMA, SMA, and their variances in a resource-efficient way. This model was extended to the Producer (Pr) and Associate (As) concept to exploit additional information based on fraction yields. It was shown that the Pr/As concept allows to characterize genotypes for their contribution to total mixture yield, and, when relating to plant traits, allows to describe biological interaction functions (BIF) in a mixed crop. Incomplete factorial designs show the potential to drastically improve genetic gain by testing an increased number of genotypes using the same amount of resources. The Pr/As concept can further be employed to maximize GMA in an informed and efficient way. The BIF of a trait can be used to optimize species ratios at harvest as well as to extend our understanding of competitive and facilitative interactions in a mixed plant community. This study provides an integrative methodological framework to promote breeding for mixed cropping.

Economic optimisation of soil testing on commercial farms: space, time and variables

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taro Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Concave Function ◽  
Information Value ◽  
Spatial Sampling ◽  
Soil Testing ◽  
Biological Interactions ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
The North ◽  
Incremental Value ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
The Uk

<p>A holistic evaluation of agricultural systems requires mechanistic understanding of physical, chemical and biological interactions both aboveground and belowground, yet obtaining this information on commercial farms is a challenging task. In order to support practical decision making by commercial producers, it is therefore necessary to identify system-wide performance indicators that are observable presently and cost-effectively. Data acquired through commercial soil testing satisfy these conditions; however, the relationship between the density of information — thus the cost of testing — and the value of information as a guideline for on-farm managerial changes is not well-understood.</p><p>Using high-resolution soil data from the North Wyke Farm Platform in the UK as a case exemplar, this solicited talk discusses theoretical and computational frameworks to quantify the value of an information package defined by soil testing strategies. A bootstrapping experiment revealed that the information value is often a concave function of the spatial sampling frequency, indicating that “half-hearted” soil data are unlikely to be able to inform optimal farm management. On the other hand, a high degree of serial correlation as well as atemporal inter-variable correlation resulted in some measurements identified as being redundant, as the incremental value of additional information was often found to be small and occasionally negative. Given the time and budgetary constraints, therefore, it is suggested that more effort should be spent on snapshot spatial sampling of a small number of variables, rather than continuous spot sampling of a large number of variables.</p>

Performance of different varieties and hybrids of black pepper(Piper nigrum L.) as mixed crop in arecanut garden of Assam, India

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. Deka ◽  
P. Bora ◽  
J. Talukdar
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spike Length ◽  
Piper Nigrum ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Mixed Cropping ◽  
Local Varieties ◽  
Mixed Crop ◽  
Horticultural Research

A field experiment was conducted at Horticultural Research Station, Assam Agricultural University, Kahikuchi, Guwahati during 2009 to 2016 for evaluation of the performance of black pepper varieties/hybrids grown as mixed crop in 16 years old block of arecanut garden (Variety-Kahikuchi Local). Varieties such as, Panniyur-2, , Panniyur-4, Panniyur-5, Sreekara, Subhakara, Panchami, Pournami, PLD-2, Chumala, Karimunda and hybrids such as Panniyur-1 and Panniyur-3 were grown in three replications. Among the varieties /hybrids, Karimunda, Panniyur-5, Sreekara, Subhakara and Panchami produced higher number of laterals with more spread at six years age compared to the other varieties. Panniyur-5 recorded significantly higher number of spikes (210.3) followed by Karimunda (186.2); whereas the lowest was recorded in Panniyur-2 (62.8). The spike length was the highest in Panniyur-1 (16.4 cm), but was on par with Panniyur-1 and Subhakara. Sreekara recorded the lowest spike length of 10.2 cm. Three years mean dry berry yield indicated that , the yield was significantly higher with Panniyur-5 (1.25 kg/vine) followed by Panniyur-1 (1.15 kg/vine) and Subhakara (1.12 kg/vine) which differed significantly over the other varieties. Variety PLD-2 recorded higher oleoresin content (13.84%) and was on par with Panchami and Pournami. Piperine content was the highest in Panniyur-2 (4.65%) followed by Panniyur-1 (4.26%). Due to the mixed cropping of black pepper in arecanut garden, an improvement in the arecanut yield was observed (2.21 kg chali/palm/year) during 2015-16 compared to the arecanut monocrop (1.96 kg chali/palm/year) during 2009-2010.

scholarly journals Yield performance of lentil as a mixed crop with rapeseed

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
MS Islam ◽  
MA Islam ◽  
MA Begum ◽  
M Maniruzzaman ◽  
MAU Alam
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Mixed Cropping ◽  
Net Return ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Mixed Crop ◽  
Testing Site ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Equivalent Yield

Mixed crop cultivation of lentil and rapeseed could be a promising technology for yield maximization. The field experiment was carried out at multilocation testing site, Kashinathpur, Pabna during the rabi season of 2011-12 and 2012-13 to verify the performance of rapeseed as mixed crop with lentil at different seeding ratios. The treatment comprises for the experiment were T1: Sole lentil (100%), T2: Sole rapeseed (100%), T3: Lentil (100%) + Rapeseed (10%), T4: Lentil (100%) + Rapeseed (20%), T5: Lentil (100%) + Rapeseed (30%) and T6 :Farmers’ practice :Lentil (100%) + Rapeseed (15%). The highest lentil equivalent yield (2.22 t ha-1 in and 2.48 ) and maximum land equivalent ratios (1.27 and 1.28) were observed in T4 treatment in 2011-12 and 2012-13, respectively.. It was noted that all the mixed cropping systems produced higher equivalent yield and LER than that of their corresponding sole crops. . Cost and return analysis showed that the highest net return (Tk. 127774 ha-1) was found in T4 treatment while sole rapeseed gave the lowest net return (Tk. 60540 ha-1). Net return was always higher under mixed cropping system than that of sole cropping. The highest benefit cost ratio 3.48 was recorded from Lentil (100%) + Rapeseed (20%) where as the minimum (1.39) from soli rapeseed.Bangladesh Agron. J. 2014, 17(1): 33-40

Effect of Mixed Row Cropping of Early and Late Maturing Rice Varieties on Crop Productivity under Intermediate Deepwater Conditions

1991 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Reddy ◽  
A. R. Sharma ◽  
M. M. Panda
Keyword(s):  
Parallel Line ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Mixed Cropping ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Excess Water ◽  
Mixed Crop ◽  
Resource Poor ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Crop Planting ◽  
Intermediate Deepwater

SUMMARYTwo early maturing semi-tall (120–130 cm) rice varieties, Kalinga-3 (85 days duration) and Banaprabha (95 days duration), were compared in pure and mixed crop stands under intermediate deepwater conditions (15–50 cm) with a modern late maturing (170 days duration) semi-dwarf (100 cm) variety, CR 1016. Parallel line seeding of CR 1016 and Kalinga-3 or Banaprabha in alternate rows (1:1 ratio) 20 cm apart yielded 19% more grain than a pure crop of CR 1016 alone. Mixed crop planting in a 1:2 or 2:1 ratio or with reduced inter-rovv spacing gave no additional yield advantage. Mixed row cropping prevented lodging in early varieties, whereas monocrops of the same varieties were partially lodged and showed some premature seed germination. The better and more stable yields obtained from such mixed cropping could be beneficial to resource poor farmers growing rice in conditions of excess water.

Biotic interactions drive ecosystem responses to exotic plant invaders

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 368 (6494) ◽  
pp. 967-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. Waller ◽  
W. J. Allen ◽  
B. I. P. Barratt ◽  
L. M. Condron ◽  
F. M. França ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exotic Species ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Species Traits ◽  
Soil Biota ◽  
Exotic Plant ◽  
Biological Interactions ◽  
Ecosystem Responses ◽  
Plant Invaders ◽  
Plant Effects

Ecosystem process rates typically increase after plant invasion, but the extent to which this is driven by (i) changes in productivity, (ii) exotic species’ traits, or (iii) novel (non-coevolved) biotic interactions has never been quantified. We created communities varying in exotic plant dominance, plant traits, soil biota, and invertebrate herbivores and measured indicators of carbon cycling. Interactions with soil biota and herbivores were the strongest drivers of exotic plant effects, particularly on measures of soil carbon turnover. Moreover, plant traits related to growth and nutrient acquisition explained differences in the ways that exotic plants interacted with novel biota compared with natives. We conclude that novel biological interactions with exotic species are a more important driver of ecosystem transformation than was previously recognized.

scholarly journals Effect of Soil Test Based Fertilizer Package for Yield and Economic Return of Lentil + Mustard Mixed Cropping System In Charland of Pabna

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
M Maniruzzaman ◽  
M Robiul Alam ◽  
MS Islam ◽  
MZ Islam ◽  
MSH Molla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Mixed Cropping ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Economic Return ◽  
Mixed Crop ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Enhancing Production

The experiment was conducted at char Sadipur the char land of Pabna during the Rabi season of 2013-14 and 2014-15 to determine appropriate fertilizer dose for enhancing production and economic return from Lentil+ Mustard mixed cropping system. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with 3 dispersed replications. Eight soil test based fertilizer packages viz.,T1: N20 P24 K20 S18 Zn2 B1.5, T2: N25 P24 K20 S18 Zn2 B1.5, T3: N25 P30 K20 S18 Zn2 B1.5, T4: N25 P24 K25 S18 Zn2 B1.5, T5: N20 P30 K25 S18 Zn2 B1.5, T6: N25 P30 K25 S18 Zn2 B1.5, T7: N15 P18 K15 S14 Zn1.5 B1kg ha-1kg ha-1 and T8: native nutrient (control) were tested for lentil + mustard mixed cropping system. Soil test based N25 P30 K25 S18 Zn2 B1.5 (T6) showed better performance on crop growth and yield of lentil and mustard in lentil+ mustard mixed cropping system in both the year. The highest lentil yield 0.70 t ha-1 in 2013-14 and 0.95 t ha-1 in 2014-15 was obtained from soil test based N25 P30 K25 S18 Zn2 B1.5 (T6). Similarly, maximum lentil equivalent yield (1233 Kg ha-1in 2013-14 and 1280Kg ha-1 in 2014-15) was also obtained from the same treatment. The maximum gross margin (Tk. 31639 ha-1 in 2013-14 and Tk. 32480 ha-1 in 2014-15) was recorded from soil test based N25 P30 K25 S18 Zn2 B1.5. So, application of soil test based fertilizer increases lentil and mustard yield as mixed crop  as well as income of the farmers. Bangladesh Agron. J. 2019, 22(1): 1-6

Effect of seed rate and row spacing on the performance of early and late maturing rice cultivars in mixed crop systems under intermediate deepwater conditions (15–50 cm)

1994 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Mixed Cropping ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Mixed Crop ◽  
Intermediate Deepwater

SUMMARYA field experiment was conducted in 1990 and 1991 under intermediate deepwater conditions (15–50 cm) at Cuttack, India with two rice cultivars - Banaprabha, a semi-tall (130 cm), short duration (95 days), upland cultivar and Gayatri, a photosensitive, semi-dwarf (100 cm), lowland cultivar of long duration (170 days). The cultivars were direct-sown either in pure stands using 400 seeds/m2 at 20 cm row spacing or in mixed stands composed of alternate rows sown with 200, 300 or 400 seeds/m2 each at 10, 15 or 20 cm inter-row spacing. Mixed-row cropping of Banaprabha and Gayatri produced 17–21% higher grain yield than a pure crop of Gayatri. Panicles/m2 increased with higher seed rate and decreased with wider row spacing but a reverse trend was observed in panicle weight. Maximum grain yield was obtained at a row spacing of 15 cm but the effect of varying seed rates at each row spacing was non-significant. Gayatri produced up to 82% of its pure crop yield and contributed up to 70% of the total yield in the mixed crop system. Therefore, the yield advantage under mixed cropping was due to the late maturing cultivar benefitting from the increased area available after the harvest of the early cultivar. A crop stand using 200–300 seeds/m2 of each cultivar at a 15 cm row spacing was found to achieve the optimum productivity from the mixed cropping system.

scholarly journals Performance of Mixed Cropping of Lentil with Cowpea Under Variable Seeding Ratios

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-129
Author(s):  
ISM Farhad ◽  
E Jahan ◽  
MA Rahman ◽  
MG Azam ◽  
TA Mujahidi
Keyword(s):  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Mixed Cropping ◽  
Land Equivalent Ratio ◽  
Net Return ◽  
Equivalent Ratio ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Mixed Crop ◽  
Sole Cropping ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Equivalent Yield

The field experiment was carried out at South Lemua, MLT site, Feni (AEZ 19) during Rabi season of 2015-16 to evaluate the performance of lentil as mixed crop with cowpea under variable seeding ratio. The treatment combinations used for the experiment were T1= Sole Lentil (100 %) @ 40 kg seed ha-1, T2 =Sole Cowpea (100%) @ 45kg seed ha-1, T3 = Lentil (100%) + Cowpea (10 %), T4 = Lentil (100 %) + Cowpea (20 %) and T5 = Lentil (100 %) + Cowpea (30 %). Lentil var. BARIMashur-6 and cowpea variety BARI Felon-1 were used in this study. The yield of lentil decreased with the increase of cowpea population in the mixed cropping situation. All the mixed cropping combinations showed higher lentil equivalent yield (LEY), land equivalent ratio (LER), net return and benefit cost ratio (BCR) than sole cropping. The highest lentil equivalent yield (1438 kg ha-1) and maximum land equivalent ratio (1.24) were observed in T4 treatment. Cost and return analysis showed that the highest net return (Tk. 77,890 ha-1) was found in T4 treatment while sole cowpea gave the lowest net return (Tk. 7530 ha-1). The highest benefit cost ratio (3.09) was recorded from lentil (100 %) + cowpea (20 %) whereas the minimum (1.21) from sole cowpea. Bangladesh Agron. J. 2018, 21(1): 125-129

Production of New and Revised A.A.V.S.O. Charts

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 368
Author(s):  
Clinton B. Ford
Keyword(s):  
Variable Star ◽  
Standard Form ◽  
Original Data ◽  
University Of Pennsylvania ◽  
Standard Format ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
The Gift ◽  
The University

A “new charts program” for the Americal Association of Variable Star Observers was instigated in 1966 via the gift to the Association of the complete variable star observing records, charts, photographs, etc. of the late Prof. Charles P. Olivier of the University of Pennsylvania (USA). Adequate material covering about 60 variables, not previously charted by the AAVSO, was included in this original data, and was suitably charted in reproducible standard format.Since 1966, much additional information has been assembled from other sources, three Catalogs have been issued which list the new or revised charts produced, and which specify how copies of same may be obtained. The latest such Catalog is dated June 1978, and lists 670 different charts covering a total of 611 variables none of which was charted in reproducible standard form previous to 1966.

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