A unified ontology-based data integration approach for the internet of things

<span lang="EN-US">Data integration enables combining data from various data sources in a standard format. Internet of things (IoT) applications use ontology approaches to provide a machine-understandable conceptualization of a domain. We propose a unified ontology schema approach to solve all IoT integration problems at once. The data unification layer maps data from different formats to data patterns based on the unified ontology model. This paper proposes a middleware consisting of an ontology-based approach that collects data from different devices. IoT middleware requires an additional semantic layer for cloud-based IoT platforms to build a schema for data generated from diverse sources. We tested the proposed model on real data consisting of approximately 160,000 readings from various sources in different formats like CSV, JSON, raw data, and XML. The data were collected through the file transfer protocol (FTP) and generated 960,000 resource description framework (RDF) triples. We evaluated the proposed approach by running different queries on different machines on SPARQL protocol and RDF query language (SPARQL) endpoints to check query processing time, validation of integration, and performance of the unified ontology model. The average response time for query execution on generated RDF triples on the three servers were approximately 0.144 seconds, 0.070 seconds, 0.062 seconds, respectively.</span>

GNSS time and frequency transfers through national positioning, navigation and timing infrastructure

GNSS signals have been a practical time transfer tool to realise a Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and set civilian clocks around the world with respect to this atomic time standard. UTC time scale is maintained by the International Bureau of Weights and Measurements (BIPM) adjusted to be close to a time scale based on the Earth’s rotation. In Thailand, the official atomic time clocks are maintained by the National Institute of Metrology Thailand (NIMT) to produce UTC(NIMT) and Thailand standard time which is always 7 hours ahead of UTC(NIMT) because of the time zone differences between Greenwich and Bangkok. National Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) infrastructure comprises of GNSS geodetic receivers uniformly distributed to continually observe GNSS signals, mainly for geodetic survey applications both real-time and post-processing services. NIMT is involved in order to provide time link to UTC and to determine the characteristics of GNSS receiver internal clocks; namely, fractional frequency offset and frequency stabilities by applying the GNSS time transfer techniques of common-view algorithms. Monitored time differences with respect to UTC(NIMT) are achieved from selected 4 ground stations in different parts of the country with observations of 21 days in order to determine the frequency stability at 1-day and 7-day modes. GNSS standard log files; in RINEX format, at these receivers are transformed into a time transfer standard format; CGGTTS, used to compute the time differences between two stations, the fractional frequency offset and the frequency stability. Averaged fractional frequency offsets are 2.8 × 10 − 13 Hertz/Hertz 2.8\times {10^{-13}}\hspace{2.38387pt}\text{Hertz/Hertz} and computed Allan deviation is around 1.5 × 10 − 13 Hertz/Hertz 1.5\times {10^{-13}}\hspace{2.38387pt}\text{Hertz/Hertz} for an averaging time of 1 day. The comparison of the national time scale and receiver clock offsets of every receivers in this national GNSS PNT infrastructure could be accomplished through common-view time transfer using GNSS satellites to maintain the time link of geodetic active control points to UTC as well as to determine receiver internal clock characteristics.

Research and Development of Real-time High-precision GNSS Receivers: A Feasible Application for Surveying and Mapping in Vietnam

In recent years, the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has been widely applied insurveying and mapping. Currently, in Vietnam, dual-frequency GNSS receivers are quite extensivelyapplied with the real-time kinematic (RTK) measurement technique using a continuously operatingreference station network. However, high-accuracy GNSS receivers are often expensive, sometimes notmeeting the needs of users for specific applications. This research develops two types of low-cost highprecisionGNSS receivers for RTK positioning for different purposes. First, the millimeter precisionGNSS receiver used in real-time displacement monitoring is based on Trimble's BD970 mainboardtechnology and some other modules. These components are interconnected according to a standarddesign scheme and assembled in an enclosure to form a GNSS receiver. In addition, a GNSS datatransmission in the National Marine Electronics Association standard format by Networked Transport ofRadio Technical Commission for Maritime Services via Internet Protocol (NTRIP) has beendesigned and developed. The GNSS receiver after development is loaded with program code written inthe C# programming language, using the Arduino programming tool. Second, the GNSS receivers havethe centimeter accuracy for RTK positioning used in surveying and mapping based on U-blox'smainboard technology and some other modules. These modules are also connected together according toa standard design scheme and assembled in an enclosure to form a complete GNSS receiver. Theevaluation results show that the designed and developed GNSS receivers completely meet therequirements of surveying and mapping in coal mines in Vietnam, such as real-time monitoring oflandslides, surveying and topographical mapping and other surveying works to serve the mining process.

MANAJEMEN PEMBELAJARAN PADA PENDIDIKAN DINIYAH FORMAL ULYA DDI MANGKOSO : STUDI KOMPARATIF PADA SMA ISLAM ATHIRAH BOARDING SCHOOL BUKIT BARUGA

This research aims to find out the similarities or differences in learning management implemented in Formal Diniyah Education (PDF) Ulya DDI Mangkoso and SMA Islam Athirah Boarding School of Bukit Baruga. This research uses comparative type research with descriptive qualitative approaches. The results of the study concluded that: (1) Learning plan on PDF Ulya DDI Mangkoso does not yet have standard learning tools such as syllabus, lesson plan, semester and annual programs, because the education unit is still new and does not have a standard format set by the ministry of religion, in contrast to SMA Islam Athirah Boarding School. (2) The organization of learning in PDF Ulya DDI Mangkoso has been carried out well through the roles and responsibilities of all parties concerned ranging from the Head of Madrasah, Dormitory Builder, Ustadz / teacher especially to the Islamic students’ organization in it that supports each other. While in SMA Islam Athirah Boarding School, the organization of learning has been carried out by existing SOPs, but still often gets its challenges. (3) The implementation of learning in PDF Ulya DDI Mangkoso has been running by its learning system, namely madrasy, halaqy, and idhafi system, and these three systems have been running by its characteristics as a boarding school, as well as SMA Islam Athirah Boarding School, the implementation of learning has been running well by its characteristics as a formal education unit under the Ministry of Education. (4) The evaluation of learning in PDF Ulya DDI Mangkoso has been going well by the provisions set by the national education office, namely by carrying out cognitive, psychomotor, and effective assessments, similar to the evaluation of learning carried out at SMA Islam Athirah Boarding School, but the method of implementation sometimes has differences. ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui persamaan atau perbedaan manajemen pembelajaran yang dilaksanakan pada Pendidikan Diniyah Formal (PDF) Ulya DDI Mangkoso dan SMA Islam Athirah Boarding School Bukit Baruga. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian jenis komparatif dengan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa : (1) Perencanaan pembelajaran pada PDF Ulya DDI Mangkoso belum memiliki perangkat pembelajaran yang baku seperti silabus, RPP, Program semester dan tahunan, karena satuan pendidikannya masih baru dan belum memiliki format standar yang ditetapkan oleh kementrian agama, berbeda dengan SMA Islam Athirah Boarding School. (2) Pengorganisasian pembelajaran pada PDF Ulya DDI Mangkoso sudah terlaksana dengan baik melalui peran dan tanggung jawab seluruh pihak yang terkait mulai dari Kepala Madrasah, Pembina Asrama, Ustadz/guru terlebih lagi kepada organisasi santri yang ada didalamnya yang saling mendukung antara satu dengan lainnya. Sementara di SMA Islam Athirah Boarding School, pengorganisasian pembelajarannya sudah terlaksana sesuai dengan SOP yang ada, namun masih sering mendapatkan tantangan tersendiri. (3) Pelaksanaan pembelajaran pada PDF Ulya DDI Mangkoso telah berjalan sesuai dengan sistem pembelajarannya yaitu sistem madrasy, halaqy, dan idhafi, dan ketiga sistem ini sudah berjalan sesuai dengan karakteristiknya sebagai pondok pesantren, sama halnya dengan SMA Islam Athirah Boarding School pelaksanaan pembelajarannya sudah berjalan dengan baik sesuai dengan karakteristiknya sebagai satuan pendidikan formal di bawah Kemendikbud. (4) Evaluasi pembelajaran pada PDF Ulya DDI Mangkoso sudah berjalan dengan baik sesuai dengan ketentuan yang ditetapkan oleh dinas pendidikan nasional yaitu dengan melaksanakan penilaian kognitif, psikomotorik, dan efektif, sama dengan evaluasi pembelajaran yang dilaksanakan pada SMA Islam Athirah Boarding School, namun metode pelaksanaannya terkadang memiliki perbedaan.

Bedrock Geologic Map of the Northern Half of the Bedford 30- X 60-Minute Quadrangle, Indiana

The Bedrock Geologic Map of the Northern Half of the Bedford 30- X 60-Minute Quadrangle is an Esri File Geodatabase that contains six feature data sets, five geodatabase tables, and two raster data sets detailing the bedrock geology of the northern half of the Bedford 30- X 60-minute quadrangle in Indiana. This data set conforms to "GeMS (Geologic Map Schema)--a standard format for the digital publication of geologic maps." For more information on GeMS please refer to the supplemental information within this metadata.

effect of short-term meteorological disturbances on the submerged aquatic vegetation and associated fauna in the Patos Lagoon estuary, southern Brazil

Occluded fronts are naturally cyclogenic areas that have been intensified by global warming. Studies evaluating the effects of occluded fronts in the submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) and its associated fauna in shallow estuarine areas may provide insights on the impacts of climate change-induced extreme weather events on coastal ecosystems functioning. The present dataset describes data on benthic fauna and flora in the Patos Lagoon Estuary (PLE), in southern Brazil, seasonally obtained during intense occluded fronts. Using a hierarchical sample design, based on Beyond BACI protocols (Before/After and Control/Impact), fauna and flora were sampled before and after four occluded fronts passage throughout 2019.Three habitats were sampled: SAV Meadow, SAV Edge and adjacent Sandflat. A total of 432 macrozoobenthic samples (216 samples for stratum); 216 samples for bellow and aboveground biomass, vegetation coverage, canopy height and marine macrophytes morphology; 144 samples by sedimentology and organic matter; 72 water column depth measurements; and 8 temperature and salinity measurements were collected during the study period. The data is available at the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), in Darwin Core standard format (DwC), organized according to the OBIS-ENV-DATA model, with CC-BY-NC-4-0 license for use. The present dataset adds to the comprehension of the temporal variability of estuarine benthic communities in subtropical systems, and how short-term meteorological process can affect zoo and fitobenthic communities in the context of climate changes.

Path to net zero is critical to climate outcome

Net zero greenhouse gas targets have become a central element for climate action. However, most company and government pledges focus on the year that net zero is reached, with limited awareness of how critical the emissions pathway is in determining the climate outcome in both the near- and long-term. Here we show that different pathways of carbon dioxide and methane—the most prominent long-lived and short-lived greenhouse gases, respectively—can lead to nearly 0.4 °C of warming difference in midcentury and potential overshoot of the 2 °C target, even if they technically reach global net zero greenhouse gas emissions in 2050. While all paths achieve the Paris Agreement temperature goals in the long-term, there is still a 0.2 °C difference by end-of-century. We find that early action to reduce both emissions of carbon dioxide and methane simultaneously leads to the best climate outcomes over all timescales. We therefore recommend that companies and countries supplement net zero targets with a two-basket set of interim milestones to ensure that early action is taken for both carbon dioxide and methane. A one-basket approach, such as the standard format for Nationally Determined Contributions, is not sufficient because it can lead to a delay in methane mitigation.

NIfTI-MRS: A standard format for magnetic resonance spectroscopic data

Purpose: The use of multiple data formats in the MRS community currently hinders data sharing and integration. NIfTI-MRS is proposed as a standard MR spectroscopy data format, which is implemented as an extension to the neuroimaging informatics technology initiative (NIfTI) format. Using this standardised format will facilitate data sharing, ease algorithm development, and encourage the integration of MRS analysis with other imaging modalities. Methods: A file format based on the NIfTI header extension framework was designed to incorporate essential spectroscopic metadata and additional encoding dimensions. A detailed description of the specification is provided. An open-source command-line conversion program is implemented to enable conversion of single-voxel and spectroscopic imaging data to NIfTI-MRS. To provide visualisation of data in NIfTI-MRS, a dedicated plugin is implemented for FSLeyes, the FSL image viewer. Results: Alongside online documentation, ten example datasets are provided in the proposed format. In addition, minimal examples of NIfTI-MRS readers have been implemented. The conversion software, spec2nii, currently converts fourteen formats to NIfTI-MRS, including DICOM and vendor proprietary formats. Conclusion: The proposed format aims to solve the issue of multiple data formats being used in the MRS community. By providing a single conversion point, it aims to simplify the processing and analysis of MRS data, thereby lowering the barrier to use of MRS. Furthermore, it can serve as the basis for open data sharing, collaboration, and interoperability of analysis programs. It also opens possibility of greater standardisation and harmonisation. By aligning with the dominant format in neuroimaging, NIfTI-MRS enables the use of mature tools present in the imaging community, demonstrated in this work by using a dedicated imaging tool, FSLeyes, as a viewer.

FLIP: Benchmark tasks in fitness landscape inference for proteins

Machine learning could enable an unprecedented level of control in protein engineering for therapeutic and industrial applications. Critical to its use in designing proteins with desired properties, machine learning models must capture the protein sequence-function relationship, often termed fitness landscape. Existing benchmarks like CASP or CAFA assess structure and function predictions of proteins, respectively, yet they do not target metrics relevant for protein engineering. In this work, we introduce Fitness Landscape Inference for Proteins (FLIP), a benchmark for function prediction to encourage rapid scoring of representation learning for protein engineering. Our curated tasks, baselines, and metrics probe model generalization in settings relevant for protein engineering, e.g. low-resource and extrapolative. Currently, FLIP encompasses experimental data across adeno-associated virus stability for gene therapy, protein domain B1 stability and immunoglobulin binding, and thermostability from multiple protein families. In order to enable ease of use and future expansion to new tasks, all data are presented in a standard format. FLIP scripts and data are freely accessible at https://benchmark.protein.properties/home.

3D City Online Visualization and Cluster Architecture for Digital City

As an important carrier of human production, life, and social development, the emergence of cities symbolizes the maturity and civilization of mankind. For more than 40 years of reform and opening up, our country’s economic development has become increasingly prosperous, and urbanization is booming. At present, our country is in a decisive period for building a well-off society in an all-round way, with rapid progress in socio-economic growth and urbanization. Based on this, this article is oriented towards urban visualization modeling work and proposes a cluster modeling method that is compatible with the combination of urban geological structure and three-dimensional urban space, so that urban space modeling work not only pays attention to the rationality of above-ground planning and construction but also fully considers underground geology the stability and safety of the structure. This paper uses the 3D city online visualization modeling technology to efficiently and reasonably complete the 3D urban geological modeling under the fusion of multiple geological data and combines the organic combination of multisource heterogeneous model data to convert the geological model data into a 3D geographic information model; the universal standard format analyzes the rapid construction of large-scale complex geological structure models and the integrated expression of multisource heterogeneous model data. Experiments have proved that from the cluster capacity of 5,000 to 100,000, no matter how much the modeling time is different, whether it is to search the entire territory or part of the scope, the search time of the 3D city visualization model is less than 20 ms, and the 3D city visualization model map of the city can be well established. This shows that the three-dimensional city visualization model highlights the impact of the urban geological environment on urban construction and development and visually and vividly displays region geological structure and other information in a three-dimensional way, providing corresponding information for urban geological stability assessment and geological disaster rescue reference and help.