Assessment of the relationship of yield and its contributing traits in wheat

Wheat is an essential source of nutrition for humans and an important cereal crop of Pakistan due to its widespread use as food. To fulfill the nutrition needs of boosted population, crop yield must be improved. In this perspective, we conducted the experiment reported in this paper to achieve correlation and path coefficient attributes given by yield-related traits. Our study enables to understand the association and contribution of nine traits toward grain production. The genetic material was comprised of seven parents and twelve F1 hybrids. Correlation analysis showed that grain yield per spike, thousand grain weight, spike length, and number of tillers per plant have positive and significant correlation with grain yield per plant, at both genotypic and phenotypic level. Path coefficient analysis revealed that direct effects of number of tillers per plant, grain yield per spike, and spike length were positive. This data persuaded that selection based on these traits could be useful for breeding purposes to higher grain yield.

Makarnalık Buğdayda (Triticum Durum L.) Bölünerek Verilen Üst Gübre Uygulamalarının Verim ve Verim Komponentleri Üzerine Etkisi

This research was conducted with durum wheat variety (Alatay) at farmer conditions in Bozova district of Şanlıurfa province in 2018-19 and 2019-20 growing season according to a randomized complete block design with three replications. This study was conducted to determine the effect of dividing the top fertilizer in different development periods of wheat on grain yield and some yield factors (plant height, spike length, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike) in order to struggle the drought experienced due to global warming in the world and in our country. According to the research results, it was determined that grain yield, plant height, spike length, number of grains per spike, weight of grains per spike ranged from 347.50-648.33 kg/da, 78.16-98.33 cm, 6.28-6.91 cm, 32.00 number/spike and 64.16 number/spike 2.47 gr/spike and 2.77 gr/spike respectively. The aim of the experiment is to determine how the top-dressing is divided and how the plant benefits from the moisture and nitrogen fertilizer in the soil and how it affects the grain yield and yield components of the plant.

Correlation and path coefficient analyses of grain yield and its related components for some common winter wheat genotypes

The aim of the study was to determine the interrelationship and the direct and indirect effects of some yield components among themselves and with the grain yield in the 49 common winter wheat varieties originating from different countries. The experiment was conducted in the experimental field of IPGR-Sadovo, Bulgaria during 2017-2019 growing seasons in the randomized block design in three replications and 10 m2 plot size. Data were recorded for a number of days to heading, plant height, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, thousand-kernels weight and grain yield per hectar. Grain yield per ha correlated positively and significantly with plant height, spike length, grain weight per spike and thousand grain weight. Path coefficient analysis revealed that the grain weight per spike, spike length and plant height had the highest direct positive effect on the grain yield per hectar. The results of study could be useful as selection criteria to increase the grain yield in common winter bread wheat.

Phenotypic variation and traits interrelationships in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes in Northern Ethiopia

<p class="042abstractstekst">Information on phenotypic variation helps to breed better varieties. Forty-nine bread wheat genotypes were evaluated in simple lattice design at Jamma and Geregera to determine the extent of variation and association among 11 traits. Analysis of variance showed significant differences (<em>p </em>&lt; 0.01) among the genotypes for all traits, indicating the presence of adequate variability. Maximum values of genotypic coefficients of variation were recorded for spike length (8.66 %), number of productive tillers (8.4 %), number of grains per spike (6.4 %) and thousand-seed mass (6.15 %); this also shows the presence of substantial variability for these traits. Genetic parameters of the study revealed that days to heading, plant height, spike length, number of grains per spike and thousand-seed mass had moderate to high heritability and genetic advance as percent of the mean. Therefore, direct selection could be practiced to improve bread wheat for these traits. Moreover, selection of early-cycle lines which can escape the negative effects of climate change will be possible. Grain yield had strong and significant positive correlation with thousand-seed mass (r_g= 0.395**), biological yield (r_gv= 0.617**) and harvest index (r_g= 0.731**); selection based on these traits will be most effective in future bread wheat yield improvement programs as they also exerted strong positive direct effects on grain yield.</p>

Effect of Spraying with Nano Silica and Water Salinity Levels on Growth and Yield of Wheat

A field experiment was carried out during the winter season 2020-2021 at research station of the College of Agriculture, University of Al-Muthanna (Al - Bandar) to study the effect of spraying with nano silica and salinity levels of irrigation water on the growth and yield of wheat. The experiment was applied in a strip split plot design. With three replications, the spraying included three concentrations of silica (3, 6, 9 ppm) and three concentrations of irrigation water salinity (3, 6, 9 ds m−1). The results indicated that the level of 9 ppm sprayed exceeded significantly in the following traits and gave the highest means.: plant height 84.26 cm, number of tillers 354.10 m2 tillers, area of flag leaf 40.19 cm2, spike length 9.89 cm, number of spikes 288.93 m2 and yield 4.27 tons ha−1. The results also indicated that the increase in salinity level led to a decrease in the characteristics of plant height 82.22 cm, number of tillers 319.43 m2 tillers, area of flag leaf 39.93 cm2, spike length 9.19 cm, number of spikes 260.13 m2, and yield, which amounted to 3.86 tons ha−1.

The Effect of Chelated Zinc and Nano-Zinc and Interaction on Growth Traits of Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.)

The field experiment was carried out in one of the farmers’ fields in Al-Fajr district, Dhi Qar governorate, located 90 km north of Nasiriyah city center, during the agricultural season 2020-2021. To show the effect of spraying different levels of chelated and nano zinc on the growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment was conducted using factorial experiments according to the complete block design (RCBD). The experiment included two factors, the first factor using chelated zinc at five levels (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 mg. L−1), and the second factor using nano-zinc at five levels (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 mg. L−1). The results show that chelated zinc was a significant effect on the leaf area, the flag leaf, tiller number and chlorophyll, and no significant effect on plant height and spike length. As for the zinc nanoparticles, it had a significant effect on leaf area and chlorophyll, and no significant effect on the plant height, spike length and the tiller number. While the interaction affected significantly the leaf area, and no significantly affect the plant height, spike length, tiller number and chlorophyll.

Influence des rayons gamma sur les parametres morphologiques et agronomiques de semences d’une variete de ble tendre cultivee en Algerie

RESUME: L'objectif de cette étude était de déterminer les effets de diverses doses de rayons gamma sur les paramètres morphologiques et agronomiques de semences de blé (Anza). L’expérimentation a été menée à la station expérimentale de l’Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, El Harrach (Alger, Algérie), sur une parcelle en bloc aléatoire complet, en évaluant la croissance et les composantes de rendement d’une culture, sur deux années consécutives, de cette variété locale de blé tendre (Anza) cultivée en Algérie. Les graines ont été irradiées avec des rayons gamma de 0,10, 0,15 et 0,20 KGy (KiIoGry), tandis que la dose de 0KGy a été retenue comme témoin. Les résultats ont montré que la germination n'a pas été affectée par l'irradiation. La hauteur de la tige la plus marquée a été donnée par le témoin pendant les deux années de culture. A la première année, la dose de 0,20KGy et le témoin ont manifesté la meilleure longueur de l’épi (8,97cm) et le plus grand nombre de pieds levés/m2 a été noté à la deuxième année avec le blé traité à 0,20KGy (149). Le nombre le plus élevé d’épis /m2 est obtenu par les échantillons irradiés à 0,20 KGy et le témoin a donné le plus grand nombre de grains par épi, alors qu’une amélioration de la masse de 1000 grains a été constatée à 0,20KGy. La dose de 0,20KGy a également produit le meilleur rendement en grains à la récolte des deux année (56 et 55q/ha). Il y a eu une interaction entre l'année de culture et la dose d’irradiation pour le nombre de pieds levés et le nombre d’épis/m2. Les faibles doses de rayons gamma, notamment la dose de 0,20 KGy ont contribué à l’amélioration des caractéristiques morphologiques et agronomiques de la variété locale de blé tendre (Anza) cultivée en Algérie, à savoir : la longueur de l’épi, le nombre de pieds levés et d’épis/m2, la masse de 1000 grains et le rendement en grains. ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different doses of gamma rays on morphological and agronomical parameters of wheat seeds (Anza). The experiment was conducted in the experimental station of the National School of Agricultural Sciences, El Harrach, Algiers (Algeria). The wheat crop was carried out on a plot in complete random block, by evaluating the growth and yield components of a crop, over two consecutive years, of this common wheat variety (Anza) grown in Algeria. Seeds samples were irradiated with low doses of gamma rays at 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 KGy (KiIoGry), while 0KGy dose was used as a control. The results showed that the number of germinated seeds was not affected by the irradiation treatment. The highest stem height was given by the control in both years, whereas in the first crop year, the 0.20KGy dose with the control showed the best spike length (8.97cm). In the second year, the highest number of raised feet/m2 was recorded with wheat at 0.20KGy (149). The evolution of yield components according to irradiation doses revealed that the highest number of spikes/m2 was also obtained from samples irradiated at 0.20KGy, the control gave the highest number of seeds by spike, while an improvement in 1000 grain weight was seen at 0.20KGy in both crops. The 0.20KGy dose also produced the highest grain yield at harvest of the two years (56 and 55q/ha). There was an interaction between the crop year and the radiation dose for the number of raised feet and the number of spikes/m2. The low gamma ray doses, particularly 0.20 KGy dose, contributed to the improvement of the morphological and agronomical properties of the local common wheat (Anza) grown in Algeria, including spike length, number of raised feet and spikes/m2, 1000 grain weight and grain yield.

Genome-Wide Association Study Identified Novel Genomic Loci Controlling Internode Lengths and Plant Height in Common Wheat under Different Nitrogen Treatments

Nitrogen is an important nutrient for crop growth and development. Plant height-related traits can be affected by nitrogen supplementation. In this study, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on plant height, spike length, length of different internodes, and lodging resistance strength at the grain-filling stage based on a natural wheat population subjected to low nitrogen and normal (CK) treatments. GWAS analysis showed that a total of 86 quantitative trait locus (QTLs) were detected, including 13 QTLs for plant height, 10 QTLs for spike length, 19 QTLs for the length of the first internode from the top of the plant, 6 QTLs for the second internode length, 11 QTLs for the third internode length, 13 QTLs for the fourth internode length, and 14 QTLs for the fifth internode length. Compared to the CK treatment, the plant height, spike length, and fourth and fifth internode lengths were significantly affected by the low nitrogen treatment. A total of 18 QTLs responding to low nitrogen stress were detected, including three QTLs for the fourth internode length detected on 3A, 6A, and 6D chromosomes, eleven QTLs for the fifth internode length on 1A, 1B, 1D, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B, 4A, 5B and 7B chromosomes, one QTL for spike length on 3A chromosome, and one QTL for plant height on 5B chromosome. These QTLs will enhance our understanding of the genetic basis of plant height responses to nitrogen deficiency and will benefit genetic reactions to nitrogen fertilization.

Assessment of Inter-varietal Cross Lines of Gladiolus on Vegetative and Floral Traits for Selection and Promotion in Nepal

Artificial crossing between species and varieties has been effective in producing new gladiolus cultivar with desirable traits. The seeds obtained from the total of twelve inter-varietal cross lines were raised in nurseries in 2013. The corms and cormels were selected yearly from the first phase to the fourth phase of selection. Forty seven inter-varietal cross lines and one check genotype were assessed in preliminary non-replicated trial in 2017 in the field of Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lumle, Nepal. A total of twenty five inter-varietal cross lines of gladiolus was selected, and assessed to develop new productive and attractive varieties of gladiolus on the basis of sixteen traits: the first spike emergence, complete spike emergence, the first floret loosening, maximum number of floret opening at a time, floret diameter, number of florets /spike, days to the seventh floret wilting, flower life, plant height, spike length, rachis length, number of spikes/ mother corm, number of marketable spikes /mother corm, number of filled capsules/spike, number of unfilled capsules/spike and total number of capsules/spike. Forty six inter-varietal cross lines were selectively reduced to twenty five inter-varietal cross lines after they had been assessed in the preliminary trial. Eventually ten cross lines: HRSDG-013-2.17(A), HRSDG-013-7.4(B), HRSDG-013-7.8(A), HRSDG-013-7.8(B), HRSDG-013-8.5(A), HRSDG-013-8.16(A), HRSDG-013-9.12(A-2), HRSDG-013-10.24, HRSDG-013-11.7(B) and HRSDG-013-11.17(B-2) are likely to be promoted for replicated trial so as to develop new desirable varieties in future.

Performanţele soiurilor-clone de lavandă (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.)

The varieties of L. angustifolia created are differ by terms of technical maturation: early - Moldoveanca 4, Favoare); (intermediates - Vis Magic 10, Aroma Unica); (late-Alba 7 and Svetlana). They are distinctive by a string of quantitative and qualitative characters (plant size, bush shape, inflo-rescence length, corolla color, floral spike length, floral stem length, number of floral stems, etc.). The productivity of these clone varieties varies depending on the annual cultivation conditions from 5.2 t/ha to 10.4 t/ha raw material production and 75-179 kg/ha essential oil production.