scholarly journals Reproductive Proteins Evolve Faster Than Non-reproductive Proteins Among Solanum Species

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonie C. Moyle ◽  
Meng Wu ◽  
Matthew J. S. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Protein Evolution ◽  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Solanum Species ◽  
Evolutionary Rates ◽  
Reproductive Proteins ◽  
Wild Tomato Species ◽  
Female Specific ◽  
Male Specific

Elevated rates of evolution in reproductive proteins are commonly observed in animal species, and are thought to be driven by the action of sexual selection and sexual conflict acting specifically on reproductive traits. Whether similar patterns are broadly observed in other biological groups is equivocal. Here, we examine patterns of protein divergence among wild tomato species (Solanum section Lycopersicon), to understand forces shaping the evolution of reproductive genes in this diverse, rapidly evolving plant clade. By comparing rates of molecular evolution among loci expressed in reproductive and non-reproductive tissues, our aims were to test if: (a) reproductive-specific loci evolve more rapidly, on average, than non-reproductive loci; (b) ‘male’-specific loci evolve at different rates than ‘female’-specific loci; (c) genes expressed exclusively in gametophytic (haploid) tissue evolve differently from genes expressed in sporophytic (diploid) tissue or in both tissue types; and (d) mating system variation (a potential proxy for the expected strength of sexual selection and/or sexual conflict) affects patterns of protein evolution. We observed elevated evolutionary rates in reproductive proteins. However, this pattern was most evident for female- rather than male-specific loci, both broadly and for individual loci inferred to be positively selected. These elevated rates might be facilitated by greater tissue-specificity of reproductive proteins, as faster rates were also associated with more narrow expression domains. In contrast, we found little evidence that evolutionary rates are consistently different in loci experiencing haploid selection (gametophytic-exclusive loci), or in lineages with quantitatively different mating systems. Overall while reproductive protein evolution is generally elevated in this diverse plant group, some specific patterns of evolution are more complex than those reported in other (largely animal) systems, and include a more prominent role for female-specific loci among adaptively evolving genes.

scholarly journals Reproductive proteins evolve faster than non-reproductive proteins among Solanum species

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonie C. Moyle ◽  
Meng Wu ◽  
Matthew J. S. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Protein Evolution ◽  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Solanum Species ◽  
Evolutionary Rates ◽  
Reproductive Proteins ◽  
Wild Tomato Species ◽  
Female Specific ◽  
Male Specific

AbstractElevated rates of evolution in reproductive proteins are commonly observed in animal species, and are thought to be driven by the action of sexual selection and sexual conflict acting specifically on reproductive traits. Whether similar patterns are broadly observed in other biological groups is equivocal. Here we examine patterns of protein divergence among wild tomato species (Solanum section Lycopersicon), to understand forces shaping the evolution of reproductive genes in this diverse, rapidly evolving plant clade. By comparing rates of molecular evolution among loci expressed in reproductive and non-reproductive tissues, our aims were to test if: a) reproductive-specific loci evolve more rapidly, on average, than non-reproductive loci; b) ‘male’-specific loci evolve at different rates than ‘female’-specific loci; c) genes expressed exclusively in gametophytic (haploid) tissue evolve differently from genes expressed in sporophytic (diploid) tissue or in both tissue types; and d) mating system variation (a potential proxy for the expected strength of sexual selection and/or sexual conflict) affects patterns of protein evolution. We observed elevated evolutionary rates in reproductive proteins; however this pattern was most evident for female-rather than male-specific loci, both broadly and for individual loci inferred to be positively selected. These elevated rates might be facilitated by greater tissue-specificity of reproductive proteins, as faster rates were associated with more narrow expression domains. In contrast we found little evidence that evolutionary rates are consistently different in loci experiencing haploid selection (gametophytic-exclusive loci), or in lineages with quantitatively different mating systems. Overall while reproductive protein evolution is generally elevated in this diverse plant group, specific patterns of protein evolution are more complex than those reported in other (largely animal) systems, and include a more prominent role for female-specific loci among adaptively evolving genes.

scholarly journals Rapid evolution of reproductive proteins in abalone and Drosophila

2006 ◽  
Vol 361 (1466) ◽  
pp. 261-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tami M Panhuis ◽  
Nathaniel L Clark ◽  
Willie J Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Protein Evolution ◽  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Theoretical Data ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Accessory Gland ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Reproductive Proteins ◽  
Accessory Gland Proteins

Observations from different taxa, including plants, protozoa, insects and mammals, indicate that proteins involved in reproduction evolve rapidly. Several models of adaptive evolution have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, such as sexual conflict, sexual selection, self versus non-self recognition and pathogen resistance. Here we discuss the potential role of sexual conflict in the rapid evolution of reproductive genes in two different animal systems, abalone ( Haliotis ) and Drosophila . In abalone, we reveal how specific interacting sperm–egg proteins were identified and discuss this identification in the light of models for rapid protein evolution and speciation. For Drosophila , we describe the genomic approaches taken to identify male accessory gland proteins and female reproductive tract proteins. Patterns of protein evolution from both abalone and Drosophila support the predicted patterns of rapid protein evolution driven by sexual conflict. We stress however that other selective pressures may contribute to the rapid evolution that is observed. We conclude that the key to distinguishing between sexual conflict and other mechanisms of protein evolution will be an integration of genetic, experimental and theoretical data.

scholarly journals Mating systems and protein–protein interactions determine evolutionary rates of primate sperm proteins

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1775) ◽  
pp. 20132607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Schumacher ◽  
David Rosenkranz ◽  
Holger Herlyn
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Evolutionary Rates ◽  
Functional Constraint ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Protein Protein Interactions ◽  
Reproductive Proteins ◽  
Sperm Proteins ◽  
Female Promiscuity ◽  
Monogamous Species

To assess the relative impact of functional constraint and post-mating sexual selection on sequence evolution of reproductive proteins, we examined 169 primate sperm proteins. In order to recognize potential genome-wide trends, we additionally analysed a sample of altogether 318 non-reproductive (brain and postsynaptic) proteins. Based on cDNAs of eight primate species (Anthropoidea), we observed that pre-mating sperm proteins engaged in sperm composition and assembly show significantly lower incidence of site-specific positive selection and overall lower non-synonymous to synonymous substitution rates ( d N / d S ) across sites as compared with post-mating sperm proteins involved in capacitation, hyperactivation, acrosome reaction and fertilization. Moreover, database screening revealed overall more intracellular protein interaction partners in pre-mating than in post-mating sperm proteins. Finally, post-mating sperm proteins evolved at significantly higher evolutionary rates than pre-mating sperm and non-reproductive proteins on the branches to multi-male breeding species, while no such increase was observed on the branches to unimale and monogamous species. We conclude that less protein–protein interactions of post-mating sperm proteins account for lowered functional constraint, allowing for stronger impact of post-mating sexual selection, while the opposite holds true for pre-mating sperm proteins. This pattern is particularly strong in multi-male breeding species showing high female promiscuity.

scholarly journals Sexual selection on multiple female ornaments in dance flies

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1887) ◽  
pp. 20181525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalind L. Murray ◽  
Jill Wheeler ◽  
Darryl T. Gwynne ◽  
Luc F. Bussière
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Female Ornaments ◽  
Conflict Model ◽  
Probable Role ◽  
Ornament Evolution ◽  
Female Specific ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Dance Fly ◽  
Trait Space

Sex-specific ornaments typically occur in males, but they can also develop in females. While there are several models concerning the evolution of male-specific ornaments, it is not clear how, or under what circumstances, those models apply to female-specific ornament evolution. Here, we present a manipulative field experiment that explores the theoretical ‘trait space’ of multiple female-specific ornaments to study how these unusual traits evolved. We measured the attractiveness of two female-specific ornaments (pinnate leg scales and inflatable abdominal sacs) in the dance fly Rhamphomyia longicauda in a wild mating swarm. We found significant directional preferences for larger ornaments of both types; however, variation in one of the ornaments (abdominal sacs) was almost three times more effective at improving attractiveness. The abdominal ornament was consistently effective in increasing attractiveness to males regardless of leg ornament expression, while leg ornament size was only effective if abdominal ornaments were very small. These results are consistent with predictions from a sexual conflict model of ornament expression in supporting the probable role of deception in the evolution of female-specific ornaments among dance flies. Sexual conflict can be an important force in generating elaborate sex-specific ornaments in females as well as males.

Reproductive behavior

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Olzer ◽  
Rebecca L. Ehrlich ◽  
Justa L. Heinen-Kay ◽  
Jessie Tanner ◽  
Marlene Zuk
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Female Choice ◽  
Reproductive Behavior ◽  
Mating Systems ◽  
Insect Behavior ◽  
Sequential Approach ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Males And Females

Sex and reproduction lie at the heart of studies of insect behavior. We begin by providing a brief overview of insect anatomy and physiology, followed by an introduction to the overarching themes of parental investment, sexual selection, and mating systems. We then take a sequential approach to illustrate the diversity of phenomena and concepts behind insect reproductive behavior from pre-copulatory mate signalling through copulatory sperm transfer, mating positions, and sexual conflict, to post-copulatory sperm competition, and cryptic female choice. We provide an overview of the evolutionary mechanisms driving reproductive behavior. These events are linked by the economic defendability of mates or resources, and how these are allocated in each sex. Under the framework of economic defendability, the reader can better understand how sexual antagonistic behaviors arise as the result of competing optimal fitness strategies between males and females.

scholarly journals Natural selection increases female fitness by reversing the exaggeration of a male sexually selected trait

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kensuke Okada ◽  
Masako Katsuki ◽  
Manmohan D. Sharma ◽  
Katsuya Kiyose ◽  
Tomokazu Seko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Lifetime Reproductive Success ◽  
Fundamental Theory ◽  
Female Fitness ◽  
Male Trait ◽  
Flour Beetles ◽  
Male Specific

AbstractTheory shows how sexual selection can exaggerate male traits beyond naturally selected optima and also how natural selection can ultimately halt trait elaboration. Empirical evidence supports this theory, but to our knowledge, there have been no experimental evolution studies directly testing this logic, and little examination of possible associated effects on female fitness. Here we use experimental evolution of replicate populations of broad-horned flour beetles to test for effects of sex-specific predation on an exaggerated sexually selected male trait (the mandibles), while also testing for effects on female lifetime reproductive success. We find that populations subjected to male-specific predation evolve smaller sexually selected mandibles and this indirectly increases female fitness, seemingly through intersexual genetic correlations we document. Predation solely on females has no effects. Our findings support fundamental theory, but also reveal unforseen outcomes—the indirect effect on females—when natural selection targets sex-limited sexually selected characters.

scholarly journals The Reproductive Microbiome: An Emerging Driver of Sexual Selection, Sexual Conflict, Mating Systems, and Reproductive Isolation

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissah Rowe ◽  
Liisa Veerus ◽  
Pål Trosvik ◽  
Angus Buckling ◽  
Tommaso Pizzari
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Mating Systems

scholarly journals Sexual selection after gamete release in broadcast spawning invertebrates

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1813) ◽  
pp. 20200069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan P. Evans ◽  
Rowan A. Lymbery
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Mate Choice ◽  
Sperm Competition ◽  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Gamete Release ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
External Fertilization ◽  
Broadcast Spawning ◽  
Males And Females

Broadcast spawning invertebrates offer highly tractable models for evaluating sperm competition, gamete-level mate choice and sexual conflict. By displaying the ancestral mating strategy of external fertilization, where sexual selection is constrained to act after gamete release, broadcast spawners also offer potential evolutionary insights into the cascade of events that led to sexual reproduction in more ‘derived’ groups (including humans). Moreover, the dynamic reproductive conditions faced by these animals mean that the strength and direction of sexual selection on both males and females can vary considerably. These attributes make broadcast spawning invertebrate systems uniquely suited to testing, extending, and sometimes challenging classic and contemporary ideas in sperm competition, many of which were first captured in Parker's seminal papers on the topic. Here, we provide a synthesis outlining progress in these fields, and highlight the burgeoning potential for broadcast spawners to provide both evolutionary and mechanistic understanding into gamete-level sexual selection more broadly across the animal kingdom. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Fifty years of sperm competition’.

Overcoming crossing barriers between nontuber-bearing and tuber-bearing Solanum species: towards potato germplasm enhancement with a broad spectrum of solanaceous genetic resources

Genome ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Watanabe ◽  
M. Orrillo ◽  
S. Vega ◽  
J. P. T. Valkonen ◽  
E. Pehu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Species ◽  
Embryo Rescue ◽  
Leaf Roll ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Solanum Species ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Potato Leaf ◽  
Germplasm Enhancement ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Potato Germplasm

The first direct sexual hybrids between diploid nontuber-bearing species and diploid potato breeding lines are reported here. Three nontuberous species of Solanum, S. brevidens, S. etuberosum, and S. fernandezianum, were used for sexual crosses, achieved by a combination of rescue pollinations and embryo rescue. Initial hybrid selection was made using an embryo spot marker, followed by the evaluation of morphological and reproductive traits. Putative hybrids were first tested for resistance to potato leaf roll virus derived from the wild species, and then were tested with molecular markers using species-specific DNA probes. Finally, the tuberization of several 2x hybrids was tested for actual potato germplasm enhancement. These hybrids are unique in terms of their potential to enhance recombination between chromosomes of wild species and those of cultivated potatoes in germplasm utilization, and to exploit the genetic nature of tuber formation. The finding that nontuber-bearing Solanum spp. can be directly crossed with tuber-bearing species also has important implications for the regulatory aspects of the use of genetically modified organisms.Key words: nontuber-bearing Solanum, potato germplasm enhancement, interspecific crosses, chromosome manipulation, inter-EBN crosses, diploid.

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